HSK 7
148 điểm ngữ pháp能愿动词：需HSK 7七—九001
词类 · 动词
「需」作为助动词表示必要性或必须，多用于正式或书面语境，结构为「需 + 动词」，强调客观需求或规定。
「需」functions as an auxiliary verb indicating necessity or obligation, commonly used in formal/written contexts with the structure '需 + verb', emphasizing objective requirements or regulations.
Ví dụ (2)
父亲的身体需休养一段时间。
Father's body requires a period of rest.
我们仍需耐心等待。
We still need to wait patiently.
疑问代词：何HSK 7七—九002
词类 · 代词
“何”是文言色彩的疑问代词，用于询问时间、事物或原因，常见于“何时”“何故”“有何”等结构，多用于正式或书面语境。
'何' is a classical Chinese interrogative pronoun used to ask about time, things, or reasons, commonly found in structures like '何时' (when), '何故' (why), or '有何' (what), typically in formal or written contexts.
Ví dụ (2)
我们何时出发？
When will we depart?
不管你有何疑问，都可以到办公室找我。
No matter what questions you have, you can find me in the office.
指示代词：该、另、兹HSK 7七—九003
词类 · 代词
该、另、兹均为指示代词，用于指代特定的人或事物。'该'多用于公文，指上文提到的人或事物，相当于'此'或'这个'；'另'表示范围之外的人或事物，意为'另外'或'其他'；'兹'文言色彩较浓，多用于正式文书，表示'现在'或'此'。
该, 另, and 兹 are all demonstrative pronouns used to refer to specific people or things. '该' is commonly used in official documents to refer to previously mentioned people or things, equivalent to 'this' or 'the aforementioned'; '另' indicates people or things outside the mentioned scope, meaning 'another' or 'other'; '兹' has a classical Chinese flavor and is mostly used in formal documents to mean 'now' or 'this'.
Ví dụ (1)
该企业 另一回事 兹日
This enterprise; another matter; this day
名量词HSK 7七-九004
词类 · 量词
名量词用于修饰名词，表示事物的单位。'栋'用于楼房，'粒'用于颗粒状物体，'枚'用于小物件或硬币，'则'用于新闻或规则，'盏'用于灯，'人次'是复合量词，表示人数与次数的总和。
Measure words are used to quantify nouns. '栋' is for buildings, '粒' for small granular items, '枚' for small objects or coins, '则' for news items or rules, '盏' for lamps, and '人次' is a compound measure word representing the total number of person-visits.
- 栋、粒、枚、则、盏
- 复合量词：人次
Ví dụ (2)
四栋楼 三粒药 五枚硬币 一则新闻 一盏灯
four buildings, three pills, five coins, one news item, and one lamp
接待三千人次
received 3,000 person-visits
极为HSK 7七—九005
词类 · 程度副词
极为是程度副词，用于修饰形容词，表示程度非常高，相当于“非常”“极其”。
极为 is an adverb of degree used to modify adjectives, indicating a very high degree, equivalent to "extremely", "very", or "exceptionally".
Ví dụ (2)
齐白石是极为杰出的画家。
Qi Baishi was an exceptionally outstanding painter.
能源汽车的发展前景极为广阔。
The development prospects of energy vehicles are extremely broad.
尽HSK 7七—九006
词类 · 程度副词
表示“最”、“极”或“最边缘”，常用于方位词前，强调某个范围的最尽头或最边缘位置。
Indicates 'the very' or 'the extreme end of' a location or range, often used before directional words to emphasize the furthest point.
Ví dụ (2)
坐在尽前头的是我女朋友。
The one sitting at the very front is my girlfriend.
尽北边有一个空位，您可以考虑这个位置。
There is an empty seat at the very north; you may consider this spot.
蛮HSK 7七ー九007
词类 · 程度副词
“蛮”是口语中常用的程度副词，表示程度较高，相当于“很”或“相当”，通常用于表达主观评价或感受。
“蛮” is a colloquial degree adverb used to express a relatively high degree, equivalent to “quite” or “rather,” often conveying subjective evaluation or feeling.
Ví dụ (2)
她的分数蛮高的，大学肯定能考上。
Her scores are quite high; she will definitely get into university.
昨天刚下完雪，今天蛮冷的。
It just snowed yesterday, so it's quite cold today.
颇HSK 7七-九008
词类 · 程度副词
“颇”是程度副词，表示程度较高，相当于“很”或“相当”，常用于书面语中修饰形容词或心理动词。
"Pō" is an adverb of degree indicating a relatively high degree, equivalent to "quite" or "very," and is commonly used in written language to modify adjectives or psychological verbs.
Ví dụ (2)
我对这部电影的印象颇深。
I have a quite deep impression of this movie.
他对导游这份工作颇有兴趣。
He has quite an interest in the job of a tour guide.
稍稍HSK 7七ー九009
词类 · 程度副词
稍稍是一个程度副词，表示程度轻微，意为“稍微”、“略微”，常用来修饰动词或形容词，说明动作或状态的程度不深。
Sāosāo is an adverb of degree that indicates a slight or minor degree, equivalent to 'a little' or 'slightly,' often modifying verbs or adjectives to show that an action or state is not intense.
Ví dụ (2)
听了他的话，我稍稍松了一口气。
After hearing his words, I breathed a slight sigh of relief.
上海的夏天又闷又热，稍稍一动就会出汗。
Shanghai's summer is both stuffy and hot; even a slight movement will make you sweat.
尤为HSK 7七—九010
词类 · 程度副词
尤为：表示程度特别深，相当于“特别”、“格外”，常用于书面语或正式场合，强调某种性质或状态在同类中更为突出。
尤为 (yóuwéi): An adverb of degree meaning 'particularly' or 'especially', used to emphasize that a quality or state is more pronounced than others, typically in formal or written contexts.
Ví dụ (2)
葡萄中的维生素含量尤为丰厚。
The vitamin content in grapes is particularly abundant.
他对自己的要求尤为严格。
He is particularly strict with his own requirements.
越发HSK 7七—九O11
词类 · 程度副词
‘越发’作为程度副词，用于表示某种状态或行为随着某种条件/时间推移而逐渐加深或增强，常与‘越...越...’结构搭配使用。
'越发' is an adverb of degree indicating that a state or behavior gradually intensifies over time or under certain conditions, often used with the structure '越...越...'.
Ví dụ (2)
听到这个消息，同学们越发有热情了。
Upon hearing the news, the students became even more enthusiastic.
随着年龄的增长，他越发不喜欢出去旅行了。
As he grew older, he became increasingly reluctant to travel.
凡HSK 7七—九012
词类 · 范围、协同副词
副词“凡”用于泛指所有符合条件的情况或对象，强调普遍性。
The adverb '凡' is used to refer to all instances of a category or condition, emphasizing universality.
Ví dụ (2)
凡事自己努力去做就好。
Whatever the matter is, just try your best to do it yourself.
凡年龄满十八岁的公民都有选举与被选举的权利。
Any citizen who has reached the age of eighteen has the right to vote and be elected.
皆HSK 7七—九013
词类 · 范围、协同副词
「皆」是书面语副词，表示范围内所有对象都具备某种性质或行为，相当于「都」「全部」。
「皆」is a formal adverb indicating that all members within a scope possess a certain quality or action, equivalent to 'all' or 'everyone'.
Ví dụ (2)
这己是人人皆知的事实。
This is already a fact known to everyone.
这个比赛十六到十九岁的男性青少年皆可报名参加。
Male teenagers aged 16 to 19 are all eligible to register for this competition.
统统HSK 7七—九014
词类 · 范围、协同副词
“统统”是表示范围的副词，用于强调整个范围内所有对象都具有相同性质或状态，相当于“全部”“都”。
The adverb '统统' emphasizes that the entire mentioned group shares the same characteristic or condition, equivalent to 'all' or 'entirely'.
Ví dụ (2)
我们不得不承认这些材料统统没有价值。
We have to admit that all of these materials are worthless.
时间、地点、人物、事件，她统统不记得。
She doesn't remember any of them—the time, place, people, or events.
唯独HSK 7七—九015
词类 · 范围、协同副词
表示在整体中特指某一部分，强调'只有'或'唯独'，常用于突出例外或强调特定情况。
Used to emphasize a specific part within a whole, meaning 'only' or 'exclusively,' often highlighting an exception or a particular condition.
Ví dụ (2)
全班同学都在认真听讲，唯独他在睡觉
All the students in the class were listening carefully, but he was the only one sleeping.
他什么都不在乎，唯独受不了家人的不理解
He doesn't care about anything else, but he can't stand his family's misunderstanding.
即HSK 7七—九016
词类 · 时间副词
副词“即”用于表示动作或情况立即发生，强调时间上的紧接性，常与“就”“马上”等词搭配使用。
The adverb '即' indicates that an action or situation occurs immediately, emphasizing temporal immediacy. It is often used with words like '就' or '马上'.
Ví dụ (2)
对待教育问题，不宜忽视，要严肃对待，有错即改。
When it comes to educational issues, they should not be ignored but taken seriously, and any mistakes should be corrected immediately.
西北人张口即来的这种民歌，是高原上一道美丽的风景。
The folk songs that Northwest people can sing off the top of their heads are a beautiful sight on the plateau.
历来HSK 7七—九017
词类 · 时间副词
历来表示从过去到现在一直如此，强调某种情况或习惯的延续性。
Lailai indicates that something has been the case from the past until now, emphasizing the continuity of a certain situation or habit.
Ví dụ (2)
王老师历来重视培养学生的动手能力。
Teacher Wang has always valued cultivating students' hands-on abilities.
流行歌曲历来是社会文化不可以缺少的一部分。
Pop songs have historically been an indispensable part of social culture.
尚HSK 7七—九018
词类 · 时间副词
“尚”作为时间副词，用于书面语，表示“还”“仍然”“尚且”，强调某种状态在特定时间或条件下依然存在。
As a temporal adverb, '尚' is used in formal written language to mean 'still,' 'yet,' or 'even,' emphasizing that a certain state continues to exist at a specific time or under certain conditions.
Ví dụ (2)
这个调查到现在为止尚无进展。
This survey has still made no progress so far.
这个问题想研究明白，尚需努力。
To understand this issue clearly, further effort is still needed.
向来HSK 7七—九019
词类 · 时间副词
“向来”是时间副词，表示从过去到现在一直如此，强调某种习惯、状态或事实的持续性和一贯性。
"Xianglai" is a temporal adverb meaning "always" or "all along," emphasizing that a certain habit, state, or fact has been consistent from the past up to the present.
Ví dụ (2)
他这个人向来吃软不吃硬，你不能硬来。
He has always been the type who responds to gentleness rather than force; you can't just push him around.
他向来第一个到学校，从未迟到过。
He has always been the first to arrive at school and has never been late.
频频HSK 7七—九020
词类 · 频率、重复副词
「频频」是表示动作或事件频繁发生的频率副词，强调重复性和连续性，常用于描述短时间内多次发生的动作。
「频频」is a frequency adverb indicating repeated actions or events, emphasizing continuity and recurrence within a short time frame.
Ví dụ (2)
他频频与朋友们以及他的竞争者们打招呼。
He repeatedly greeted his friends and competitors.
气氛十分热烈，大家频频举杯，说笑不停，非常高兴。
The atmosphere was very lively as everyone frequently raised their glasses, chatting and laughing without stopping, feeling extremely happy.
再度HSK 7七—九021
词类 · 频率、重复副词
“再度”表示动作或情况再次发生，强调重复性或第二次出现，常用于正式语境。
‘再度’ indicates that an action or situation happens again, emphasizing repetition or a second occurrence, often used in formal contexts.
Ví dụ (2)
这个班再度被评为“优秀班集体”。
This class has again been rated as an "Excellent Class Collective".
两位好友二十年后再度相遇。
The two friends met again after twenty years.
亦HSK 7七—九022
词类 · 关联副词
“亦”是关联副词，表示“也”、“同样”，用于连接前后分句或句子，表示并列或递进关系，强调前后情况相同或相似。
"亦" is a conjunctive adverb meaning "also" or "likewise", used to connect clauses or sentences to express parallelism or progression, emphasizing that the preceding and following situations are the same or similar.
Ví dụ (2)
此人并不存在，将来亦不会出现，永远不会。
This person does not exist, nor will he ever appear in the future, never.
若能从失败中获得教训，失败亦是成功。
If one can learn lessons from failure, then failure is also a kind of success.
未HSK 7七—九023
词类 · 否定副词
“未”是书面语中常用的否定副词，表示“还没有”“尚未”，强调动作或状态在某一时间之前没有发生或实现。
"未" is a formal negative adverb meaning "not yet" or "have not yet," used to emphasize that an action or state has not occurred or been realized up to a certain point in time.
Ví dụ (2)
他至今还未和我联系。
He has not contacted me yet to this day.
虽然他四十未到，但已经是很成熟的经理了。
Although he is not yet forty, he is already a very mature manager.
勿HSK 7七—九024
词类 · 否定副词
“勿”是文言色彩较浓的否定副词，意为“不要”或“别”，常用于书面语或正式场合，表示禁止、劝阻或提醒不要做某事。
"Wu" is a negation adverb with a classical Chinese flavor, meaning "do not" or "don't". It is commonly used in written language or formal contexts to express prohibition, advice against an action, or a reminder not to do something.
Ví dụ (2)
希望各位勿忘十年后的约定。
I hope everyone does not forget the promise made ten years later.
我在国外一切都很好，勿念。
I am doing very well abroad, so please do not worry.
不由得HSK 7七—九025
词类 · 方式副词
表示因某种情境而不由自主地产生某种反应或情感，强调动作或情感的自然流露，无法控制。
Indicates an involuntary reaction or emotion triggered by a specific situation, emphasizing an uncontrollable, natural response.
Ví dụ (2)
看着父亲粗糙的手，我不由得流下了眼泪。
Looking at my father's rough hands, I couldn't help but shed tears.
看着毕业照，我不由得开始回忆起往事。
Looking at the graduation photo, I couldn't help but start recalling the past.
顺便HSK 7七-九026
词类 · 方式副词
“顺便”是方式副词，表示在做某事的过程中，附带做另一件相关或不相关的事情，强调动作的顺带性。
'顺便' is an adverb of manner that indicates doing another task incidentally while doing something else, emphasizing the incidental nature of the action.
Ví dụ (2)
去老师办公室的时候，他顺便把我的作业也交了。
When he went to the teacher's office, he also handed in my homework on the way.
我到了上海，顺便去看望了小学老师。
When I arrived in Shanghai, I also visited my elementary school teacher on the way.
一连HSK 7七—九027
词类 · 方式副词
“一连”表示动作或状态连续不断、持续进行，强调时间上的连续性，常与时间段连用。
“一连” is an adverb meaning 'continuously' or 'in succession,' emphasizing the continuous nature of an action or state over time, often used with a time period.
Ví dụ (2)
这场大雨一连下了十多天，也就把工人们困在这里十多天。
The heavy rain fell continuously for over ten days, which also trapped the workers here for over ten days.
他上了床，在一连三天三夜没睡好以后终于能舒舒服服地睡上一觉了。
He went to bed, and after not sleeping well for three consecutive days and nights, he could finally get a comfortable sleep.
按说HSK 7七—九028
词类 · 情态副词
“按说”表示根据常理或一般情况推断，通常与实际情况形成对比，暗示实际情况可能出乎意料。
“Anshuo” (按说) indicates an inference based on common sense or general circumstances, often contrasting with the actual situation to imply that the reality is unexpected.
Ví dụ (2)
按说现在是蔬菜供应淡季，可是这里的蔬菜种类还是不少。
According to common sense, this should be the off-season for vegetable supply, but there are still quite a few varieties of vegetables here.
按说这个时候应该下雪了，可今年一场雪还没下。
Logically speaking, it should be snowing by this time, but this year not a single snowfall has occurred yet.
必定HSK 7七—九029
词类 · 语气副词
必定是一个语气副词，表示根据客观情况或逻辑推断，某事一定会发生，语气比“一定”更坚决、更正式，常用于表达必然性。
Bìdìng is an adverb of modality that indicates something will certainly happen based on objective conditions or logical inference. It carries a stronger and more formal tone than 'yīdìng' and is commonly used to express inevitability.
Ví dụ (2)
若是有个太太照顾着他，他的生活必定不会那么乱七八糟了。
If he had a wife to take care of him, his life would certainly not be so messy.
倘若他们想要人为地挽救这一文明，必定会失败。
If they want to artificially save this civilization, they will inevitably fail.
不妨HSK 7七—九030
词类 · 语气副词
‘不妨’是语气副词，表示对某种做法的肯定或建议，意为‘不妨’、‘不如’，通常用于提出建议，表示这样做没有坏处，或者比较稳妥。
‘不妨’ is a modal adverb used to suggest that something is worth trying or doing, implying that there is no harm in doing so or that it is a reasonable course of action.
Ví dụ (2)
据说这个药效果很好，你不妨试一试。
It is said that this medicine is very effective; you might as well give it a try.
关于这个问题，咱们不妨听一听别人的建议。
Regarding this issue, we might as well listen to others' suggestions.
何必HSK 7七—九031
词类 · 语气副词
“何必”用于反问句，表示没有必要做某事，带有劝诫或提醒的意味。
'何必' is used in rhetorical questions to indicate that something is unnecessary, often conveying advice or a reminder.
Ví dụ (2)
我只是和你开玩笑，何必当真呢？
I was just joking with you. Why bother taking it seriously?
咱们是老同学，何必这么客气。
Since we're old classmates, there's no need to be so polite.
莫非HSK 7七—九032
词类 · 语气副词
“莫非”是语气副词，表示推测或反问，相当于“难道”，用于表示对某种情况的猜测或质疑。
“莫非” is a modal adverb used to express speculation or rhetorical questioning, equivalent to 'could it be that' or 'is it possible that'.
Ví dụ (2)
她今天没来学校，莫非出了什么事？
She didn't come to school today; could it be that something happened?
你平时不认真学习，莫非要等到期末考试了才开始紧张吗？
You don't study seriously as usual; are you waiting until the final exam to start feeling nervous?
白白HSK 7七—九033
词类 · 语气副词
「白白」作为语气副词，用于强调行为或结果徒劳无功、毫无成效，常带有遗憾或责备的负面情绪。
The adverb '白白' emphasizes futile actions or results that achieve nothing, often conveying regret or blame.
Ví dụ (2)
她忘了关水龙头，白白浪费了很多水。
She forgot to turn off the tap, wasting a lot of water for nothing.
这次投资失败了，让公司白白损失了很多钱。
This failed investment caused the company to lose a lot of money in vain.
反倒HSK 7七—九034
词类 · 语气副词
反倒用于表示实际情况与预期或常理相反，带有转折和意外的语气，常与“明明”“越……越”等结构搭配使用。
反倒 indicates that the actual situation is contrary to expectation or common sense, expressing a tone of contrast and surprise. It is often used with structures like "明明" or "越……越".
Ví dụ (2)
明明是你的错，怎么反倒怪我了？
It's clearly your mistake, so why are you blaming me instead?
他越是在困难的时候反倒越能坚持。
The more difficult the situation becomes, the more he can persevere.
分明HSK 7七—九035
词类 · 语气副词
分明作为语气副词，用于强调说话者认为某事显而易见或毋庸置疑，常带有确信、不满或反问的语气。
分明 is an emphatic adverb used to stress that something is clearly evident or undeniable, often conveying certainty, frustration, or rhetorical questioning.
Ví dụ (2)
我分明看他走过来了，怎么一下子就不见了呢？
I clearly saw him walking over here. How could he disappear so suddenly?
让我三天就完成，你分明是在为难我。
Asking me to finish this in three days—you’re obviously making things difficult for me.
怪不得HSK 7七—九036
词类 · 语气副词
怪不得是语气副词，表示明白原因后觉得某事不奇怪、理所当然。通常用于解释现象或结果的原因，带有恍然大悟的语气。
怪不得 is an adverb of tone indicating that something is no longer surprising once the reason is understood. It's used to explain the cause of a phenomenon or result, expressing a sense of realization.
Ví dụ (2)
怪不得她没去爬山，原来昨天下雨了。
No wonder she didn't go hiking—it turns out it rained yesterday.
这姑娘漂亮，人品也好，怪不得有很多男孩儿喜欢她。
This girl is beautiful and has good character, no wonder many boys like her.
好在HSK 7七—九037
词类 · 语气副词
好在用于表达庆幸或幸运，引出有利的情况或条件，相当于“幸好”或“还好”。
好在 is used to express relief or good fortune, introducing a favorable situation or condition, similar to "fortunately" or "luckily".
Ví dụ (2)
好在你现在也在北京，你们可以互相照顾。
Fortunately, you're also in Beijing now, so you can take care of each other.
好在他病得不重，应该马上就能上班了。
Fortunately, his illness isn't severe, so he should be back to work right away.
乃HSK 7七ー九038
词类 · 语气副词
“乃”是文言色彩较浓的语气副词，常用于判断句中表示“是”、“就是”，强调主语与宾语之间的等同、从属或因果关系。
“乃” is a modal adverb with a strong classical Chinese flavor, often used in judgment sentences to mean “is” or “is exactly,” emphasizing the identity, classification, or causal relationship between the subject and the object.
Ví dụ (2)
《红楼梦》乃古代小说的杰出代表。
Dream of the Red Chamber is an outstanding representative of ancient novels.
失败乃成功之母。
Failure is the mother of success.
难怪HSK 7七—九039
词类 · 语气副词
“难怪”表示由于某种原因，对某种结果感到不奇怪，常用于解释原因或表达恍然大悟的语气。
“Nán guài” indicates that a result is not surprising given a specific cause, often used to explain reasons or express a sense of realization.
Ví dụ (2)
这道题非常难，难怪她一时答不出来。
This question is very difficult; no wonder she couldn't answer it right away.
他是个东北人，难怪他不怕冷。
He is from Northeast China; no wonder he isn't afraid of the cold.
偏偏HSK 7七—九040
词类 · 语气副词
偏偏是语气副词，表示事实与预期、愿望或常理相反，常带有不满、无奈或强调的语气，有时含有“故意”之意。
Pianpian is an adverb of tone that indicates a fact is contrary to expectations, wishes, or common sense, often carrying a tone of dissatisfaction, helplessness, or emphasis, and sometimes implying 'intentionally'.
Ví dụ (2)
周围这么多漂亮的女生，你怎么偏偏喜欢她？
There are so many beautiful girls around, why do you just happen to like her?
我们已经穿好衣服准备要走了，可孩子偏偏又醒了。
We were already dressed and ready to leave, but the child just had to wake up again.
索性HSK 7七—九041
词类 · 语气副词
索性表示在某种既定事实或情况下，干脆直接采取某种行动，常带有“既然这样，不如……”的意味。
Indicates that given a certain situation, one decides to take a direct action, often implying 'since this is the case, might as well...'.
Ví dụ (2)
衣服已经被雨淋湿了，我索性就合上了伞，直接在雨中散步了。
Since my clothes were already soaked by the rain, I simply closed my umbrella and decided to walk in the rain.
现在已经很晚了，我索性直接在外面吃完饭再回家好了。
It's already very late, so I might as well just have dinner outside before heading home.
万万HSK 7七—九042
词类 · 语气副词
“万万”是语气副词，用于否定句，表示绝对不能、决不可能，语气非常强烈，常与“不能”“不可”“不”等否定词搭配使用。
"Wànwàn" is an adverb of tone used in negative sentences to express absolute impossibility or prohibition, with a very strong tone, often paired with negative words like "不能" (cannot), "不可" (not allowed), or "不" (not).
Ví dụ (2)
万万不能开着煤气出门。
You must absolutely not leave home with the gas turned on.
触犯法律的事情是万万干不得的。
Things that violate the law are absolutely not to be done.
未免HSK 7七—九043
词类 · 语气副词
‘未免’作为语气副词，用于强调某种情况达到某种程度，常带有不满、惊讶或责备的语气，多与‘太’‘过于’等词连用。
'Wei Mian' is an adverb of tone used to emphasize that something is excessively so, often expressing disapproval, surprise, or criticism, typically paired with words like 'too' or 'excessively'.
Ví dụ (2)
这道题未免也太难了吧。
This question is just way too hard.
你这样说她，未免也太过分了。
You're being way too harsh on her.
无非HSK 7七—九044
词类 · 语气副词
“无非”是语气副词，表示事情的本质或目的很简单、很平常，没有什么特别的，相当于“不外乎”“只不过”。常用于强调某件事只是某种情况而已，带有一种“没什么大不了的”的语气。
“无非” is a modal adverb that indicates something is simple or ordinary, with nothing special about it, equivalent to 'nothing but' or 'merely'. It is often used to emphasize that something is just a certain situation, carrying a tone of 'nothing major'.
Ví dụ (2)
他这么做，无非是为了早点儿回家。
He did this merely to get home a bit earlier.
她想要的无非是一份稳定的工作。
All she wants is just a stable job.
幸好HSK 7七—九045
词类 · 语气副词
‘幸好’是表达庆幸语气的副词，用于说明因某种有利情况的发生而避免了不良后果。
'幸好' is an adverb expressing relief, indicating that a favorable situation prevented an undesirable outcome.
Ví dụ (2)
他来的时候，幸好我在家，不然他又该生气了。
When he came, fortunately I was at home; otherwise he would have been angry again.
幸好你提醒了我，要不我就忘了。
Fortunately you reminded me, otherwise I would have forgotten.
幸亏HSK 7七—九046
词类 · 语气副词
幸亏是语气副词，表示由于某种有利条件或情况而避免了不好的结果，带有庆幸、幸运的语气。常与“不然”“否则”“才”等词搭配使用。
Xìngkuī is an adverb expressing that a favorable condition or situation helped avoid an undesirable outcome, conveying a tone of relief or luck. It often appears with words like "otherwise" (不然/否则) or "only then" (才).
Ví dụ (2)
幸亏你回来得早，不然我就不知道怎么办才好了。
Luckily you came back early, otherwise I wouldn't have known what to do.
我们幸亏走了这条路，才没碰到堵车。
We were lucky to have taken this route, so we didn't encounter traffic.
终究HSK 7七—九047
词类 · 语气副词
终究是一个语气副词，表示事情最终会发展到某种结果，强调不可避免的结局或最终的事实。它表达一种确定性，暗示经过时间或过程后，某种情况必然会发生。
终究 is a modal adverb that indicates something will ultimately develop into a certain result, emphasizing an inevitable outcome or final fact. It expresses certainty, suggesting that after time or a process, a certain situation will inevitably occur.
Ví dụ (2)
他终究是个孩子，你得耐心一点儿。
He is, after all, just a child; you need to be a bit more patient.
你们对工作这么不负责任，终究会出问题的。
You are so irresponsible with your work; there will inevitably be problems in the end.
顺着HSK 7七—九048
词类 · 引出方向、路径
“顺着”表示沿着某个方向、路径或物体的表面移动，强调动作依循某种既定的轨迹或依附于某物。
“顺着” indicates moving along a certain direction, path, or surface, emphasizing that the action follows an established trajectory or is attached to something.
Ví dụ (2)
雨水顺着我的头发滴了下来。
The rain dripped down along my hair.
我们就顺着这条路走，走到哪儿算哪儿。
Let's just walk along this road; wherever we end up is fine.
当着HSK 7七—九049
词类 · 引出对象
“当着”是一个介词，常与“面”连用，构成“当着……的面”结构，表示动作或行为是在某人或某群体的面前、公开场合下进行的，强调公开性或当面性。
“当着” is a preposition often used with “面” to form the structure “当着……的面”, indicating that an action or behavior is performed in front of someone or a group, emphasizing its public or direct nature.
Ví dụ (2)
当着我的面，你有什么想说的就都说出来吧。
In front of me, say whatever you want to say.
我当着大家的面把礼物拆开了。
I opened the gift in front of everyone.
就5HSK 7七—九050
词类 · 引出对象
“就”作为介词，用于引出动作所涉及的对象或话题，相当于“关于”、“就……而言”，常与“问题”“事情”“话题”等词搭配使用。
The word '就' functions as a preposition to introduce the object or topic of an action, equivalent to 'regarding' or 'on the subject of', often used with words like '问题' (issue) or '话题' (topic).
Ví dụ (2)
他已就这个问题做了检讨。
He has already reflected on this issue.
我想就如何找到自己满意的工作这个问题来谈一谈。
I would like to talk about how to find a job that I'm satisfied with.
趁HSK 7七—九051
词类 · 引出凭借、依据
表示利用某个有利的时机、条件或情况来做某事。
To take advantage of a favorable time, condition, or situation to do something.
Ví dụ (2)
趁你还年轻，一定要多尝试。
While you are still young, be sure to try many things.
趁火车还没开，你现在还能下车。
Since the train hasn't left yet, you can still get off now.
基于HSK 7七—九052
词类 · 引出凭借、依据
‘基于’用于引出某种行为、判断或结论所依据的基础或前提，后接名词或名词性短语，表示‘以……为根据’。
‘Based on’ is used to indicate the foundation, basis, or premise upon which an action, judgment, or conclusion is made, followed by a noun or noun phrase.
Ví dụ (2)
这两种不同的人生态度是基于对人生不同的理解。
These two different attitudes toward life are based on different understandings of life.
你的结论都基于假设，所以不可信。
Your conclusions are all based on assumptions, so they are not credible.
依HSK 7七—九053
词类 · 引出凭借、依据
介词“依”用于引出动作的依据或标准，相当于“按照”“根据”，常与“看”“说”“方案”等搭配构成介词短语。
The preposition '依' introduces the basis or standard for an action, equivalent to 'according to' or 'based on', often paired with words like '看', '说', or '方案'.
Ví dụ (2)
依你看，这件事该怎么解决？
According to you, how should this matter be resolved?
这件事就依你的方案做吧。
Let's proceed with this matter according to your proposal.
连接词或词组：及HSK 7七—九054
词类 · 连词
“及”是连词，用于连接并列的名词性成分，表示“和、与”，多用于书面语或正式场合，连接项之间通常用顿号分隔。
“及”is a conjunction used to connect parallel noun phrases, meaning 'and' or 'with', typically in formal or written contexts, with items separated by enumeration commas.
Ví dụ (2)
工人、农民及士兵都参加了此次会议。
Workers, peasants, and soldiers all attended this meeting.
现急需煤炭、石油、电力及其他能源。
Currently, there is an urgent need for coal, oil, electricity, and other energy sources.
连接分句或句子：继而、要不是HSK 7七—九055
词类 · 连词
“继而”表示事件或动作的连续发生，后接结果；“要不是”用于提出假设条件，引出特定结果。
"继而" indicates sequential events or actions leading to a result, while "要不是" introduces a hypothetical condition that causes a specific outcome.
Ví dụ (3)
他本来不同意的，可继而一想，又觉得是一个好机会。
He initially disagreed, but after further thought, he realized it was a good opportunity.
人民币升值将会影响到中国的出口，继而影响中国的经济增长。
The appreciation of the RMB will affect China's exports, which in turn impacts its economic growth.
要不是老师帮我，我也不能写好这篇文章。
If it hadn't been for my teacher's help, I wouldn't have written this article well.
之HSK 7七—九056
词类 · 结构助词
"之"作为结构助词，用于连接定语和中心语，表示修饰或所属关系，相当于现代汉语的"的"，多用于书面语和正式表达中。
"之" functions as a structural particle that connects a modifier to a head noun, indicating possession or modification, equivalent to the modern Chinese particle "的", and is primarily used in written and formal contexts.
Ví dụ (2)
我们可以将北京描绘为一本梦之书。
We can depict Beijing as a book of dreams.
由于做了好事，做出了贡献，因此他得到所爱之人的欣赏。
Because he did good deeds and made contributions, he gained the appreciation of the person he loved.
而已HSK 7七—九057
词类 · 语气助词
用于句末，表示事情仅仅如此，程度或数量不大，带有轻描淡写的语气。
Used at the end of a sentence to indicate that something is merely so, with a tone of downplaying its significance or extent.
Ví dụ (2)
这算什么，只是一堆纸而已。
What’s this supposed to be? Just a pile of papers, that’s all.
我不过是出于好奇，随便问问而已。
I was just curious, asking casually, that’s all.
矣HSK 7七—九058
词类 · 语气助词
语气助词“矣”用于句末，表示事情已经完成、实现，或表示感叹、肯定的语气，相当于现代汉语的“了”、“啦”。
The particle '矣' (yǐ) is used at the end of a sentence in classical or formal Chinese to indicate completion, realization, or to express a tone of exclamation or affirmation, equivalent to '了' (le) or '啦' (la) in modern Chinese.
Ví dụ (2)
人生得一知己足矣。
In life, having one true friend is enough.
他的想法可谓多矣。
His ideas can be said to be numerous.
数词+量词+抽象事物HSK 7七—九059
短语 · 结构类型
数词与量词组合修饰抽象名词，强调数量或程度，常用于描述人的能力或氛围状态。
Using a numeral and measure word together to modify an abstract noun, emphasizing quantity or degree, often describing abilities or atmospheric states.
Ví dụ (2)
他有一身本领，颇有才华。
He possesses a full set of skills and is quite talented.
这里虽然听不见什么争吵声，但并不是一团和气。
Although there's no noise of arguments here, it's not exactly harmonious.
爱A不AHSK 7七—九060
短语 · 四字格
表示对某事持无所谓的态度，愿意接受或拒绝皆可，常带有放任或不耐烦的语气。
This structure expresses indifference or nonchalance toward something, indicating willingness to accept or reject it without concern, often with a detached or impatient tone.
Ví dụ (2)
他瞧不起她，对她总是一副爱理不理的样子。
He looked down on her and always treated her with an air of indifference.
这是我的想法，你爱听不听。
Here’s my idea—take it or leave it.
半A半BHSK 7七–九061
短语 · 四字格
“半A半B”是一个四字格结构，表示事物同时具有两种相对或相反的性质、状态或特征，强调一种中间或混合的状态。其中A和B通常是反义词或相对概念。
“半A半B” is a four-character structure indicating that something possesses two contrasting or opposite qualities, states, or characteristics simultaneously, emphasizing an intermediate or mixed state. A and B are typically antonyms or related concepts.
Ví dụ (2)
他说话半真半假，你不要完全相信他。
He speaks half truth and half lies, so don't believe him completely.
突然听到明天放假的消息，我一直半信半疑。
Suddenly hearing the news that tomorrow is a holiday, I've been half believing and half doubting it.
东A西BHSK 7七—九062
短语 · 四字格
“东A西B”是四字格结构，其中“东”和“西”表示“到处、四处”，A和B是动词，表示动作的频繁、无序或四处进行，常用于描述四处奔波、挑选或寻找的行为。
"东A西B" is a four-character phrase structure where "东" and "西" mean "everywhere, all over", and A and B are verbs indicating frequent, disordered, or scattered actions, commonly used to describe running around, picking, or searching in various places.
Ví dụ (2)
她买东西就喜欢东挑西选。
When she goes shopping, she likes to browse and pick from all over the place.
为了买到一张火车票，我东奔西跑，累得一身汗。
To get a train ticket, I ran all over the place, exhausted and sweating profusely.
非A非BHSK 7七–九063
短语 · 四字格
“非A非B”是四字格结构，表示“既不是A也不是B”，用于否定两种可能性，强调第三种情况或某种中间状态。
The phrase '非A非B' is a four-character structure meaning 'neither A nor B,' used to negate two possibilities and emphasize a third situation or an intermediate state.
Ví dụ (2)
这场悲剧的制造者非你非我，另有他人。
The maker of this tragedy is neither you nor me; it's someone else.
我们非敌非友，只是那天见过一面而已。
We are neither enemies nor friends; we just met once that day.
忽A忽BHSK 7七–九064
短语 · 四字格
「忽A忽B」是四字格短语结构，表示两种相反或相对的状态交替出现、变化不定。A和B通常为反义词，如「高/低」「快/慢」等。
The structure '忽A忽B' is a four-character phrase pattern indicating that two opposite or contrasting states alternate or fluctuate unpredictably. A and B are typically antonyms, such as 'high/low' or 'fast/slow'.
Ví dụ (2)
叔叔书房的门关着，里边的说话声忽高忽低。
The door to Uncle's study was closed, and the voices inside were fluctuating between loud and soft.
他十分紧张，心跳得忽快忽慢。
He was extremely nervous, and his heartbeat was alternating between fast and slow.
连A带BHSK 7七—九065
短语 · 四字格
「连A带B」表示同时进行的两个动作或状态，常用来强调伴随某种情绪或情境下的复合行为。
The structure '连A带B' describes two simultaneous actions or states, often emphasizing compound behaviors accompanied by specific emotions or situations.
Ví dụ (2)
几个小孩儿吓得连哭带叫。
Several children were so scared that they were crying and screaming at the same time.
信是男朋友写的，她高兴得连蹦带跳。
The letter was written by her boyfriend, and she was so happy that she jumped and danced with joy.
时A时BHSK 7七—九066
短语 · 四字格
表示两种状态或动作交替出现，时好时坏、时高时低等。
Indicates that two states or actions alternate with each other, such as sometimes good and sometimes bad, sometimes high and sometimes low.
Ví dụ (2)
小鸟发出的声音时长时短。
The sound made by the little bird was sometimes long and sometimes short.
他的成绩时好时坏，老师也拿他没办法。
His grades were sometimes good and sometimes bad, and the teacher couldn't do anything about it.
自A自BHSK 7七—九067
短语 · 四字格
“自A自B”是四字格短语，由两个以“自”开头的动词或动词短语组成，表示动作由自己发起并作用于自己，强调自我行为或自我承担后果。
The '自A自B' structure is a four-character phrase consisting of two verb phrases beginning with '自', indicating that the action is initiated by oneself and affects oneself, emphasizing self-initiated behavior or self-inflicted consequences.
Ví dụ (2)
一路上老板自说自话唠叨了半天。
All the way, the boss just talked to himself and chattered endlessly.
想到你对我们工作的破坏，我应该让你自作自受才对。
Considering the damage you've done to our work, I should let you suffer the consequences of your own actions.
巴不得HSK 7七—九068
短语 · 其他
「巴不得」表示非常迫切地希望某事发生，常带有急切或不耐烦的情绪，多用于表达主观愿望与现实的落差。
"巴不得" expresses an intense desire for something to happen, often conveying eagerness or impatience, typically highlighting the gap between subjective wishes and reality.
Ví dụ (2)
他一口气跑了半个多小时，巴不得一步就到家。
He ran for over half an hour without stopping, wishing he could get home in one step.
我恨这个行业，巴不得早点儿离开。
I detest this industry and can't wait to leave it sooner.
别提了HSK 7七—九069
短语 · 其他
“别提了”用于表示情况极其糟糕，难以用言语形容；或者表示因尴尬、不快而不愿提及某事。
This phrase is used to indicate that a situation was extremely bad or indescribable, or to express reluctance to discuss something due to embarrassment or unpleasantness.
Ví dụ (2)
晚饭还没开始吃他就已经醉了，后来就更别提了。
He was already drunk before dinner even started; things only got worse from there, needless to say.
别提了.我根本都不认识那个人，他硬拉着我不让我走。
Don't ask. I didn't even know that person; he just wouldn't let me go.
除此之外HSK 7七ー九070
短语 · 其他
除此之外是一个表示补充或排除的短语，用于说明除了前述内容之外还有或没有其他信息。常用于承接上文，引出额外信息或强调唯一性。
Besides this/that is a phrase used to indicate addition or exclusion, referring to information beyond what was previously mentioned. It's commonly used to connect to preceding content and introduce additional information or emphasize exclusivity.
Ví dụ (2)
他是个老师，除此之外，我不知道别的。
He is a teacher, and besides that, I don't know anything else.
我只带了一个书包，除此之外什么都没带。
I only brought one schoolbag, and besides that, I brought nothing else.
归根到底HSK 7七—九071
短语 · 其他
归根到底是一个表示总结或强调本质的短语，意思是‘最终’、‘说到底’或‘追根究底’，用于引出事物的根本原因或最终结论。
归根到底 is a phrase used to summarize or emphasize the essence, meaning 'ultimately', 'in the final analysis', or 'tracing back to the root', used to introduce the fundamental cause or final conclusion of something.
Ví dụ (2)
人生归根到底是一个人的旅行。
Life, in the final analysis, is a journey for one.
归根到底，成长是一种幸福。
Ultimately, growth is a kind of happiness.
可不是HSK 7七–九072
短语 · 其他
“可不是”是一个口语短语，表示强烈的肯定或赞同，意为“没错”、“确实如此”，常用于回应他人的观点或猜测。
"可不是" is a colloquial phrase used to express strong agreement or confirmation, meaning "Exactly" or "That's right," often in response to someone else's opinion or guess.
Ví dụ (4)
甲：什么？我们家出事了？
A: What? Something happened to our family?
乙：可不是，警察都已经来了。
B: Exactly, the police are already here.
甲：小孩子长得真快啊！
A: Kids grow up so fast!
乙：可不是，已经要上小学了。
B: That's right, they're about to start elementary school.
没说的HSK 7七-九073
短语 · 其他
“没说的”是一个口语化短语，表示事情非常完美、无可挑剔，或者表示某事是显而易见、无需多言的。
"没说的" is a colloquial phrase indicating that something is perfect, flawless, or beyond criticism; it can also mean that something is so obvious it goes without saying.
Ví dụ (2)
我愿意做这件事，那是没说的，只是我不知道还能做多长时间。
I am willing to do this, that goes without saying; it's just that I don't know how long I can keep doing it.
新来的领导我都见过了，真是没说的！
I've met all the new leaders, and they are truly impeccable!
无论如何HSK 7七-九074
短语 · 其他
无论如何表示无论条件或情况如何变化，结果或决定都不会改变。它用于表达坚定的态度、必然的结果或不可改变的决定。
无论如何 means 'no matter what' or 'under any circumstances.' It is used to express a firm attitude, an inevitable outcome, or an unchangeable decision regardless of changing conditions.
Ví dụ (2)
无论如何，他没有别的选择。
No matter what, he had no other choice.
听到这里，他无论如何也不答应。
After hearing this, he would not agree under any circumstances.
由此可见HSK 7七—九075
短语 · 其他
由此可见用于根据前文所述的事实或现象，推导出一个结论或判断，起到承上启下的作用。
由此可见 is used to draw a conclusion or judgment based on the facts or phenomena mentioned earlier, serving as a connecting phrase between premise and conclusion.
Ví dụ (2)
很多中国孩子从小学习书法，由此可见书法在中国教育中的重要地位。
Many Chinese children learn calligraphy from a young age, from which it can be seen that calligraphy holds an important position in China's education system.
他幻想着将来住在爷爷家里以后要干些什么事，一遍遍说个没完，由此可见，他对母亲并没有什么舍不得。
He fantasized about what he would do after living at his grandfather's house in the future, talking about it endlessly, from which it can be seen that he had no reluctance to part with his mother.
与此同时HSK 7七—九076
短语 · 其他
与此同时表示两个动作或事件在同一时间发生，强调时间上的同步性。
Meanwhile indicates that two actions or events occur at the same time, emphasizing simultaneity.
Ví dụ (2)
太阳落山了，几乎与此同时下起了大雨。
The sun set, and almost at the same time, it started raining heavily.
几个月之后，他的眼睛开始不停地流眼泪，与此同时他的视力也变得越来越差。
A few months later, his eyes began to tear uncontrollably, and at the same time, his vision started to deteriorate.
这样一来HSK 7七—九077
短语 · 其他
“这样一来”用于承接上文，表示由于前面提到的情况或原因，导致了后面所说的结果。它强调因果关系，通常连接两个具有逻辑关联的句子。
"这样一来" is used to connect the preceding context, indicating that the situation or reason mentioned earlier has led to the result described subsequently. It emphasizes a cause-and-effect relationship, typically linking two logically connected sentences.
Ví dụ (2)
这些小鸟总是在唱歌，这样一来，我家门前可热闹了。
These little birds are always singing, and as a result, the front of my house has become very lively.
他听了医生的话，每天都去外面散步，这样一来，他的病很快就好了。
He followed the doctor's advice and went for a walk outside every day, and this led to his illness being cured quickly.
综上所述HSK 7七—九078
短语 · 其他
用于总结前文内容并引出结论或建议，多用于正式或学术语境。
Used to summarize preceding content and introduce conclusions or suggestions, commonly in formal or academic contexts.
Ví dụ (2)
综上所述，如果希望交流顺利地进行，需要大家共同努力
Based on the above, if we want communication to proceed smoothly, everyone's joint efforts are required.
综上所述，随着科技的发展，人们越来越依赖手机。
Based on the above, with the development of technology, people are increasingly relying on mobile phones.
总的来说/总而言之HSK 7七—九079
短语 · 其他
“总的来说”和“总而言之”是用于总结或概括的过渡短语，表示对前述内容进行归纳或引出最终结论，意思相近，可互换使用。
"总的来说" and "总而言之" are transitional phrases used to summarize or generalize preceding content, indicating a conclusion or overall assessment. They are interchangeable and mean "overall" or "in summary."
Ví dụ (4)
总的来说，他的身体状态还算不错。
Overall, his physical condition is quite good.
她的专业能力很不错，工作态度总的来说也很端正，是个很好的合作伙伴。
Her professional skills are excellent, and overall her work attitude is also very proper; she's a good partner to work with.
总而言之，最重要的应该是过程，而不是结果。
In short, the most important thing should be the process, not the result.
总而言之一句话，我不喜欢他。
To put it in one word, I don't like him.
不知⋯⋯好HSK 7七—九080
固定格式
这个结构用于表达在面对复杂情况或选择时，感到犹豫不决、难以做出决定，不知道怎样做才合适。
This structure is used to express hesitation or uncertainty when facing complex situations or choices, indicating that one doesn't know what to do or say that would be appropriate.
Ví dụ (2)
这件事很复杂，不知如何解决才好。
This matter is very complicated; I don't know how to solve it properly.
看他紧张得手心都是汗，我也不知说什么好。
Seeing him so nervous with sweaty palms, I didn't know what to say.
所谓⋯⋯ 就是⋯⋯HSK 7七-九081
固定格式
“所谓……就是……”用于对某个概念或事物进行定义、解释或说明其实际含义，常带有主观判断或特定视角的意味。
The structure '所谓……就是……' is used to define, explain, or clarify the actual meaning of a concept or thing, often carrying a subjective judgment or specific perspective.
Ví dụ (2)
房内没有一样值钱的东西，所谓家具就是这几把椅子。
There was nothing valuable in the room; what they called 'furniture' was just these few chairs.
他所谓的好家庭就是住在一栋大房子里，妻子穿着漂亮的衣服。
To him, what constituted a 'good family' was living in a big house with a wife dressed in beautiful clothes.
无非/不过/只不过/只是⋯⋯ 而已/罢了HSK 7七—九082
固定格式
“无非/不过/只不过/只是……而已/罢了”用于表示某事物或情况并不像表面看起来那么复杂或严重，只是很普通、很简单的，常用来淡化语气或解释原因。
The structure '无非/不过/只不过/只是……而已/罢了' is used to indicate that something is nothing more than what it appears, often to downplay its significance or explain a reason in a light-hearted manner.
Ví dụ (4)
不要相信他，这无非是他的借口罢了。
Don't believe him; this is nothing but an excuse.
我这么说没有其他意思，不过是想鼓励他而已。
I said this with no other intention; I just wanted to encourage him.
她会做这道题，只不过假装不会而已。
She can do this problem; she's just pretending not to know how.
大家都说爱情很快就会过去，剩下的只是习惯罢了。
Everyone says love passes quickly, and what remains is merely habit.
以⋯⋯ 为⋯⋯HSK 7七–九083
固定格式
“以⋯⋯为⋯⋯”是一个固定格式，表示把某事物当作、作为或视为另一事物（如中心、主题、基础等）。
This structure is used to indicate treating or regarding something as the basis, center, theme, or other role.
Ví dụ (2)
我们不能以自己为中心，要考虑别人的感受。
We cannot put ourselves at the center; we need to consider others' feelings.
她以和平为主题，创作了一部小说。
She created a novel with peace as the theme.
因⋯⋯ 而⋯⋯HSK 7七–九084
固定格式
该结构表示'因为某种原因而导致某种结果'，强调因果关系中的原因部分。
This structure indicates a cause-and-effect relationship where '因' introduces the reason and '而' connects it to the resulting action or state.
Ví dụ (2)
我经常看到他因一件小事而快乐的场景。
I often see him become happy over something trivial.
她胆子很大，不会因一些奇怪的声音而害怕。
She's very brave and won't be frightened by strange noises.
宾语的语义类型3HSK 7七—九085
句子成分 · 宾语
方式/工具/材料/目的宾语分别表示动作执行的方式、使用工具、消耗材料或行为目的。这些宾语通过特定语境体现其语义角色，如'活期'表示存款方式，'毛笔'表示书写工具。
Adverbial/Object types indicate manner, instrument, material, or purpose of the action. These objects show semantic roles through context, like 'demand deposit' for saving method or 'brush' for writing tool.
- 方式宾语
- 工具宾语
- 材料宾语
- 目的宾语
Ví dụ (8)
为了方便取出来，他把钱存了个活期。
To make withdrawal easier, he chose a demand deposit for his money.
为了节省时间，这封信还是寄航空吧。
To save time, let's send this letter by air mail.
他坚持每天写毛笔。
He insists on practicing brush writing daily.
他吃大碗，我吃小碗。
He uses a big bowl while I use a small one.
新手养菊花，该如何浇水？
For beginners growing chrysanthemums, how should they water them?
他在脸上盖一张报纸睡着了。
He fell asleep with a newspaper covering his face.
为了拍这部电影，他到处去拉赞助。
To film this movie, he went everywhere seeking sponsorships.
他在我们公司主要跑项目。
He mainly manages projects at our company.
程度补语3HSK 7七—九086
句子成分 · 补语
该语法结构用于表达某种状态或情感达到极高的程度，其中'不行'、'要命'、'要死'作为程度补语，强调形容词或动词的程度之深。
This grammatical structure is used to express that a certain state or emotion reaches an extremely high degree, where 'bùxíng', 'yàomìng', and 'yàosǐ' serve as degree complements to emphasize the intensity of the adjective or verb.
- 形容词/动词+得+不行
- 形容词/动词+得+要命/要死
Ví dụ (4)
终于要去旅游了，儿子兴奋得不行。
Finally going on a trip, the son is extremely excited.
上学时我对体育课也是讨厌得不行。
When I was in school, I also hated PE class to no end.
他人不大，但是脾气大得要命。
He's not tall, but he has a temper that's off the charts.
我最近太忙了，每天累得要死。
I've been so busy lately; I'm exhausted every day.
状态补语3：“个”引导的补语HSK 7七—九087
句子成分 · 补语
“个”作为助词用于动词后，与“没完”“不停”等词语搭配，表示动作持续不断、没有停歇的状态，多用于口语表达。
The particle '个' is used after a verb, often paired with expressions like '没完' (endlessly) or '不停' (nonstop), to indicate that an action continues without stopping, commonly used in spoken Chinese.
Ví dụ (2)
那个小女孩儿哭个不停，说是找不到妈妈了。
That little girl kept crying nonstop, saying she couldn't find her mother.
他在我们面前说个没完。
He kept talking endlessly in front of us.
“把”字句5：表致使HSK 7七—九088
句子的类型 · 特殊句式
这种“把”字句表示主语的行为或状态导致了宾语发生某种变化或产生某种结果，强调致使关系。
This "把" sentence structure indicates that the subject's action or state causes the object to undergo a change or produce a result, emphasizing a causative relationship.
- （主语+）把+宾语（施事）+动词+了
Ví dụ (2)
去年她把丈夫死了，后来父母也去世了。
Last year, her actions led to her husband's death; later, her parents also passed away.
钱没挣着，却把老公跑了。
She didn't make any money, but instead, her actions caused her husband to run away.
被动句5HSK 7七—九089
句子的类型 · 特殊句式
该结构用于表达被动意义，强调主语受到动作影响。'被/为...所...'构成固定搭配，其中'为'更正式，常用于书面语。
This structure expresses passive voice, emphasizing the subject's reception of an action. '被/为...所...' forms a fixed pattern with '为' being more formal and typical in written language.
- 被⋯⋯所⋯⋯
- 为⋯⋯所⋯⋯
Ví dụ (4)
这是我第一次感到自己被一个人所吸引。
This is the first time I've felt myself being attracted by someone.
没想到，他竟然会被一个小学生所欺骗。
Unexpectedly, he was actually deceived by a primary school student.
他这种行为，为人类社会所不容。
Such behavior of his is unacceptable to human society.
领导的这种行为往往不为人所信任。
The leader's behavior is often not trusted by people.
比较句6HSK 7七—九090
句子的类型 · 特殊句式
本语法点包含三种比较结构：'比起⋯⋯（来）'用于引出比较对象，'A+形容词+于+B'是书面语比较句式，'A+比+名词+还+名词'强调极端程度。
This grammar point covers three comparative structures: '比起⋯⋯（来）' introduces the basis of comparison, 'A+形容词+于+B' is a formal written comparison, and 'A+比+名词+还+名词' emphasizes extreme degree.
- 比起⋯⋯（来）
- A+形容词+于+B
- A+比+名词+还+名词
Ví dụ (6)
比起其他人.我的想法太简单了。
Compared to others, my idea is too simple.
比起唱歌来，他更喜欢跳舞。
Compared to singing, he prefers dancing.
人的自我实现过程重于结果。
The process of human self-realization is more important than the result.
在施工现场，工人们的安全高于一切，大于一切。
At the construction site, workers' safety is paramount, above all else.
他简直比强盗还强盗！
He's even more of a robber than a robber!
在上流社会里，他装得比绅士还绅士。
In high society, he pretends to be more of a gentleman than a gentleman.
一面⋯⋯ ，一面⋯⋯HSK 7七-九091
句子的类型 · 并列复句
表示两个动作或状态同时进行。
Indicates that two actions or states are happening simultaneously.
Ví dụ (2)
他一面听老师讲课，一面认真记笔记。
He was listening to the teacher's lecture while taking notes carefully.
他一面做作业，一面看电视，做事一点儿都不用心。
He was watching TV while doing his homework, showing no focus on what he was doing.
⋯⋯ ，此后⋯⋯HSK 7七—九092
句子的类型 · 承接复句
该结构用于承接复句，表示前一个事件发生后，紧接着发生了后一个事件，强调时间顺序和承接关系。
This structure is used in compound sentences to indicate that an event occurred immediately after a previous event, emphasizing chronological order and continuity.
Ví dụ (2)
我们三年前见过一面，此后再也没有见过。
We met once three years ago, and we haven't seen each other since then.
她二十岁结了婚，此后丈夫生病，她照顾了四年。
She got married at twenty, and after that, her husband fell ill, and she took care of him for four years.
起初⋯⋯ ，⋯⋯ 才⋯⋯HSK 7七—九093
句子的类型 · 承接复句
该句式表示从最初的状态或想法，经过某种变化、过程或原因后，最终发生了某种动作或达到了某种结果，强调动作或结果的迟滞性或条件性。
This structure indicates that from an initial state or idea, after a certain change, process, or reason, a certain action eventually happened or a certain result was finally achieved, emphasizing the lateness or conditionality of the action or result.
Ví dụ (2)
他起初没明白，后来才理解了游戏的规则。
He didn't understand at first, but later finally understood the rules of the game.
我们起初不想参加的，只是不好意思拒绝，才去了那里。
We didn't want to participate at first; it was just because we felt embarrassed to refuse that we went there.
别说⋯⋯，连⋯⋯ 也/都⋯⋯; 连⋯⋯ 也/都⋯⋯ ，别说⋯⋯; 别说⋯⋯ ，即使⋯⋯即使⋯⋯ 也⋯⋯ ，别说⋯⋯HSK 7七-九094
句子的类型 · 递进复句
这些结构用于表达递进关系，强调某种情况或程度之极端，连更基本的对象都难以达到，更不用说其他情况。通过对比不同层次的对象或条件，突出主句所述情况的严重性或特殊性。
These structures express progressive relationships, emphasizing extreme situations or degrees where even more basic subjects cannot meet the standard, let alone others. By contrasting different levels of subjects or conditions, they highlight the severity or particularity of the main statement.
Ví dụ (4)
别说是大学生了，连小学生都比他写得好。
Not even college students can write as well as him; even elementary school students do better.
我现在穷得连饭也吃不起了，别说买新衣服了。
I'm so poor now that I can't even afford meals, let alone new clothes.
别说爸爸，即使是老师，也说不出这种植物的名字。
Not even Dad, even the teacher, can name this plant.
即使是稍微有钱的家庭，也禁不住她这么花钱，别说普通家庭了。
Even slightly wealthy families can't withstand her spending like this, let alone ordinary families.
⋯⋯，何况⋯⋯HSK 7七—九095
句子的类型 · 递进复句
表示在已有理由的基础上，进一步提出更明显或更重要的理由，以加强语气或论证结论，常用于反问或强调。
Used to introduce an additional, often more obvious or significant reason that reinforces a previous statement or conclusion, frequently used in rhetorical questions or for emphasis.
Ví dụ (2)
我不道歉，何况根本不是我的错！
I'm not apologizing, let alone because it wasn't my fault in the first place!
这道菜做起来很花时间的，何况今天顾客那么多。
This dish takes a lot of time to prepare, and on top of that, there are so many customers today.
⋯⋯，进而⋯⋯HSK 7七—九096
句子的类型 · 递进复句
表示在已经做了某件事的基础上，进一步做另一件事，表示递进关系。
Indicates that after doing one thing, one proceeds to do another, showing a progressive relationship.
Ví dụ (2)
只有在这样的国家里，教师才能充分发展，进而保护他自己和公共利益。
Only in such a country can teachers fully develop, and subsequently protect both themselves and the public interest.
遇到困难不要回避，挺起身来向它挑战，进而战胜它。
When facing difficulties, don't avoid them; stand up and challenge them, and then proceed to overcome them.
⋯⋯，况且HSK 7七—九097
句子的类型 · 递进复句
“况且”是表示递进关系的连词，用于在已有理由的基础上补充另一个更重要的理由，以加强论证或解释。
"况且" is a conjunction that introduces an additional, often stronger, reason to reinforce a previous argument or explanation.
Ví dụ (2)
北京这么大，况且你又是第一次来，怎么能一下子就找到我家呢？
Beijing is so big, and moreover, this is your first time here—how could you possibly find my place right away?
那时天已经黑了，况且人又坐在车上，肯定看不清楚。
It was already dark at that time, and besides, the person was sitting in a vehicle, so it was definitely impossible to see clearly.
连⋯⋯，更不用说⋯⋯HSK 7七—九098
句子的类型 · 递进复句
「连……更不用说……」用于递进复句，表示前项的情况都不成立，后项更不可能发生。
This structure is used in progressive complex sentences to emphasize that if even the first scenario is impossible, the second one is even less likely.
Ví dụ (3)
连他都不会，更不用说我了。
Even he can't do it, let alone me.
我连上次的考试都没通过，更不用说这次的了。
I didn't even pass the last exam, let alone this one.
他连这几个字都不会写，更不用说写篇作文了。
He can't even write these few characters, let alone write an essay.
⋯⋯ ，乃至⋯⋯HSK 7七—九099
句子的类型 · 递进复句
“乃至”用于表示递进关系，连接前后成分，强调后者在程度、范围或数量上比前者更进一步，常译为“甚至”或“一直到”。
"乃至" is used to express a progressive relationship, connecting preceding and following elements to emphasize that the latter goes further in degree, scope, or quantity than the former, often translated as "even" or "all the way to".
Ví dụ (2)
他的脸色、眼神，乃至一举一动，都被别人看得清清楚楚。
His complexion, gaze, and even every single movement were clearly observed by others.
他熟悉北京，也熟悉巴黎，乃至全世界。
He is familiar with Beijing, and also with Paris, and even the entire world.
⋯⋯ ，且⋯⋯HSK 7七ー九100
句子的类型 · 递进复句
“且”作为连词表示递进关系，相当于“并且”“而且”，用于连接两个相关但程度递进的成分，强调后者是对前者的补充或深化，常用于书面语中。
"且" functions as a conjunction indicating progressive relationship, equivalent to "and" or "furthermore", used to connect two related elements where the latter adds to or intensifies the former, commonly used in formal writing.
Ví dụ (2)
他办事严谨而认真，且十分负责，获得了领导的信任。
He handles matters meticulously and seriously, and is also highly responsible, earning the trust of his superiors.
这一条街又脏又乱，总是很潮湿，且一年四季总不免有种古怪气味。
This street is dirty and messy, always damp, and throughout the year it inevitably has a strange smell.
⋯⋯ ，甚至于⋯⋯HSK 7七—九101
句子的类型 · 递进复句
表示递进关系，前一分句陈述某种情况，后一分句用“甚至于”引出程度更深、范围更广或更极端的情况，强调语意进一步加深。
This structure indicates a progressive relationship, where the first clause states a situation and the second clause, introduced by 'even to the extent of,' presents a deeper, broader, or more extreme case to emphasize the intensification of the meaning.
Ví dụ (2)
她不能忍受这种想法，甚至于一秒钟也受不了。
She cannot bear this thought, even to the extent of not being able to endure it for a single second.
这个小姑娘始终都是那副模样，甚至于一点儿也没长高。
This little girl has always looked the same, even to the extent that she hasn't grown an inch taller.
或⋯⋯ ，或⋯⋯HSK 7七—九102
句子的类型 · 选择复句
该结构用于列举两种或多种可能的情况或选择，表示“或者……或者……”。
This structure is used to list two or more possible situations or choices, meaning "either... or...".
Ví dụ (2)
他把信藏在某个秘密的地方了，或一块石头下面，或一棵树后面。
He hid the letter in some secret place, either under a stone or behind a tree.
阿姨每次来我家都带着一群朋友，或二三人，或三四人，大家说说笑笑。
Every time Auntie comes to my house, she brings a group of friends, either two or three people, or three or four people, all chatting and laughing.
宁可/宁愿⋯⋯ ，HSK 7七—九103
句子的类型 · 选择复句
表示在比较两件事（通常都不太好）后，经过权衡，选择其中一件，而坚决拒绝另一件。
Expresses a choice between two undesirable options, indicating a preference for one over the other based on principle or will.
Ví dụ (2)
他宁可饿着肚子去上课，也不愿意吃垃圾食品。
He would rather go to class on an empty stomach than eat junk food.
他宁愿自己承担，也不肯把责任推给别人。
He would rather take the responsibility himself than shift the blame onto others.
与其⋯⋯ ，不如⋯⋯HSK 7七—九104
句子的类型 · 选择复句
“与其⋯⋯，不如⋯⋯”用于在两个选项中比较，表示后者比前者更好、更值得选择，常用于提出建议或表达倾向。
"与其...不如..." is used to compare two options, indicating that the latter is better or more worthwhile than the former, commonly used to make suggestions or express preference.
Ví dụ (2)
与其去爬山，述不如在家看电视。
Rather than go hiking, I'd rather watch TV at home.
与其在这里浪费时间，我们不如认真复习。
Rather than waste time here, we should review seriously.
与其⋯⋯ ，宁可/宁愿⋯⋯HSK 7七—九105
句子的类型 · 选择复句
该结构用于在两个选项中做出比较性选择，表达说话人更倾向于后者而否定前者的意愿，通常带有权衡利弊后的主观判断。
This structure compares two options to express preference for the latter while rejecting the former, often reflecting subjective judgment after weighing pros and cons.
Ví dụ (2)
与其在这里洗半天的衣服，我宁可去买新的。
I would rather buy new ones than spend half a day washing them here.
与其跟他一组，我宁愿一个人做这个项目。
I would rather work on this project alone than be in a group with him.
⋯⋯，而 ⋯⋯（则）⋯⋯HSK 7七—九106
句子的类型 · 转折复句
该结构用于表达对比或转折关系，'而'连接前后两个相对或相反的情况，'则'可加强对比语气，表示'就'或'却'的意思。
This structure expresses contrast or opposition between two situations. '而' connects two contrasting clauses, and '则' strengthens the contrast, meaning 'then' or 'however.'
Ví dụ (2)
绝大多数的人用感觉来思考，而我却用思考来感觉。
Most people think with their feelings, while I feel with my thinking.
北方人过春节往往吃饺子，而南方人的习俗则是吃汤圆。
Northern people often eat dumplings during the Spring Festival, while Southern people's custom is to eat tangyuan.
⋯⋯，⋯⋯倒/反倒⋯⋯HSK 7七—九107
句子的类型 · 转折复句
该结构用于表示前后分句存在转折关系，后句结果与预期相反或出乎意料，常用'倒'或'反倒'连接前后分句，强调对比或意外性。
This structure indicates a contrast between clauses where the second clause presents an unexpected or opposite outcome, typically using '倒' or '反倒' to highlight the contrast or surprise.
Ví dụ (2)
我好心劝他，他倒怪我，真是好笑！
I kindly advised him, but he instead blamed me—how ironic!
听护士这么一说，他反倒放松了下来。
After hearing the nurse say that, he actually relaxed instead.
倘若/若⋯⋯，⋯⋯HSK 7七—九108
句子的类型 · 假设复句
该结构用于提出假设条件，表示'如果/假如……'，后接可能的结果或推论。'倘若'和'若'可互换使用，语气较正式。
This structure introduces hypothetical conditions meaning 'if/assuming that...', followed by possible outcomes or inferences. '倘若' and '若' are interchangeable with formal tone.
Ví dụ (2)
倘若这几个问题你都能解决，你一定会获得成功。
If you can solve all these problems, you will surely succeed.
若不小心，是不是又会发生纠纷？
If you're not careful, might another dispute arise again?
倘若/假设/假使/若⋯⋯ ，就/那（么）⋯⋯HSK 7七—九109
句子的类型 · 假设复句
该结构用于表达假设条件与结果的逻辑关系，通过'倘若/假设/假使/若'等引导假设前提，后接'就/那么'引出相应结果，强调条件与结果的关联性。
This structure expresses logical relationships between hypothetical conditions and their results. It uses '倘若/假设/假使/若' to introduce hypothetical premises, followed by '就/那么' to state corresponding outcomes, emphasizing the connection between conditions and consequences.
Ví dụ (3)
倘若一点儿音乐知识都没有，就会遇到困难。
If you don't have any musical knowledge at all, you will encounter difficulties.
假设这是我们未来的家园，那这个世界就不会再有饥饿的儿童。
Suppose this is our future home, then the world would no longer have hungry children.
假使一切能重新开始，那么我绝不会选择这一条路。
If everything could start over, then I would never choose this path.
幸亏⋯⋯ ，要不然/不然/要不/否则⋯⋯HSK 7七—九110
句子的类型 · 假设复句
这个结构用来表达'幸好发生了某事，否则就会发生不好的结果'。前半句'幸亏⋯⋯'表示庆幸的原因，后半句'要不然/不然/要不/否则⋯⋯'表示假设的负面结果。
This structure expresses gratitude for a fortunate event that prevented a negative outcome. The first part '幸亏⋯⋯' states the lucky circumstance, while the second part '要不然/不然/要不/否则⋯⋯' presents the hypothetical negative consequence that was avoided.
Ví dụ (2)
幸亏你提醒了我，要不然我就忘了。
Luckily you reminded me, otherwise I would have forgotten.
幸亏有你帮忙，不然我真不知道怎么办才好。
Fortunately you helped me, otherwise I really wouldn't know what to do.
别管⋯⋯ ，都⋯⋯HSK 7七—九111
句子的类型 · 条件复句
该结构用于表达无论前文条件如何，后文结果或行为必然发生，强调结果的不可改变性。
This structure expresses that regardless of the preceding condition, the following result or action will inevitably occur, emphasizing its unchangeable nature.
Ví dụ (2)
别管台下坐的是谁，你都要充满信心。
No matter who is sitting in the audience, you must remain confident.
这样的话一出口，别管是淮，都得挨骂。
Once such words are spoken, no matter if it's Huai, they will all be scolded.
任⋯⋯ ，也⋯⋯HSK 7七—九112
句子的类型 · 条件复句
「任⋯⋯，也⋯⋯」表示无论条件如何变化，结果始终不变。前半句提出假设性条件，后半句强调该条件不影响最终结果。
The structure '任⋯⋯，也⋯⋯' indicates that no matter what condition is met, the result remains unchanged. The first clause presents a hypothetical condition, while the second emphasizes that the outcome is unaffected.
Ví dụ (2)
任他们怎么推，也推不动。
No matter how hard they push, it still won't budge.
任他是什么高职位的人，也管不了我。
No matter what high position he holds, he still can't control me.
（因）⋯⋯ ，故⋯⋯HSK 7七—九113
句子的类型 · 因果复句
该结构用于书面语或正式场合表达因果关系，'因'引出原因，'故'引出必然结果，相当于'因为……所以……'的凝练形式。
This structure expresses causality in formal/written contexts, where '因' introduces the cause and '故' presents the inevitable result, functioning as a condensed form of 'because... therefore...'.
Ví dụ (2)
因不是体面的事情，故不敢说出来。
Since it is not a presentable matter, I dare not speak it out.
他已经适应了国外的生活，故不打算再回国。
Having already adapted to life abroad, he has no intention of returning to his home country.
鉴于⋯⋯ ，⋯⋯HSK 7七—九114
句子的类型 · 因果复句
“鉴于”表示“考虑到”、“由于”，用于正式场合，引出某种情况或原因，然后说明由此产生的结果或决定。
The structure "鉴于...，..." means "In view of..." or "Given that...", used in formal contexts to introduce a reason or situation, followed by the resulting decision or action.
Ví dụ (2)
鉴于他的表现良好，学校决定允许他回来上课。
In view of his good performance, the school decided to allow him to return to class.
鉴于他在处理这种问题上毫无经验，公司决定派我来帮助他。
Given that he has no experience in handling this kind of problem, the company decided to send me to help him.
（由于）⋯⋯ ，以致⋯⋯HSK 7七—九115
句子的类型 · 因果复句
“由于……以致……”用于表达因果关系，其中“由于”引出原因，“以致”引出结果，通常表示原因导致了某种不良或消极的后果。
The structure "由于……以致……" is used to express a causal relationship, where "由于" introduces the cause and "以致" introduces the effect, typically indicating that the cause led to an undesirable or negative outcome.
Ví dụ (2)
他睡过头了，以致错过了第一节课。
He overslept, which led to missing the first class.
他由于学习不认真，以致考了最后一名。
He was careless in his studies, which resulted in him ranking last in the exam.
⋯⋯，以至于⋯⋯HSK 7七—九116
句子的类型 · 因果复句
表示由于前一种情况或程度非常深，从而导致了后一种结果，强调因果关系中的程度与结果。
Used to indicate that a certain situation or degree is so extreme that it leads to a specific result, emphasizing the cause-and-effect relationship based on degree.
Ví dụ (2)
事情发展得太快，以至于大家都难以反应。
Things developed so quickly that everyone found it difficult to react.
这篇课文他读了很多遍，以至于全文都背得出来。
He read this text so many times that he could recite the entire passage by heart.
之所以⋯⋯，是因为/是由于⋯⋯HSK 7七—九117
句子的类型 · 因果复句
“之所以⋯⋯，是因为/是由于⋯⋯”用于强调结果的原因，表示“之所以出现某种结果，是因为某种原因”。这种结构把原因放在后面，起到强调作用。
The structure '之所以⋯⋯，是因为/是由于⋯⋯' is used to emphasize the reason for a result, meaning 'the reason why a certain result occurs is because of a certain cause.' This structure places the cause at the end for emphasis.
Ví dụ (2)
这部电影之所以好看，是因为内容很有趣。
The reason why this movie is so good is that the content is very interesting.
妈妈之所以生气了，是由于他不肯承认自己的错误。
The reason why mom got angry is that he refused to admit his own mistake.
固然⋯⋯ ，也⋯⋯HSK 7七—九118
句子的类型 · 让步复句
这个结构用于承认某事确实如此，但同时指出还有另一方面需要考虑，常用来表达虽然承认前一点，但后一点更重要或同样重要。
This structure acknowledges a fact while introducing another point, often expressing that while the first point is true, the second point is equally important or should also be considered.
Ví dụ (2)
那固然是我们的习惯，也还需要有另外的理由。
That is certainly our habit, but we also need another reason.
他的话固然给我安慰，也使我难过。
His words certainly comforted me, but they also made me sad.
⋯⋯ 固然⋯⋯ ，但是/可是/不过⋯⋯HSK 7七—九119
句子的类型 · 让步复句
这个结构用于承认某个事实或观点的正确性（固然部分），然后转折提出更重要或相反的观点（但是/可是/不过部分）。它表示虽然承认前者的合理性，但后者更为重要或关键。
This structure is used to acknowledge the validity of a fact or viewpoint (the 固然 part), then introduce a more important or contrasting point (the 但是/可是/不过 part). It expresses that while the former is acknowledged as reasonable, the latter is more important or crucial.
Ví dụ (3)
一个人的成功，聪明固然重要，但是努力更重要。
When it comes to a person's success, intelligence is certainly important, but effort is more important.
网络固然给我们带来了便利，可是也给我们带来了麻烦。
The Internet has certainly brought us convenience, but it has also brought us troubles.
这种方法固然有用，不过也不能解决根本问题。
This method is certainly useful, but it cannot solve the fundamental problem.
即便⋯⋯ ，也⋯⋯HSK 7七—九120
句子的类型 · 让步复句
表示即使在某种极端或假设的情况下，结果或结论仍然成立。
Used to express that even under extreme or hypothetical circumstances, the result or conclusion still holds true.
Ví dụ (2)
即便你成绩好，也不能骄傲。
Even if you have good grades, you shouldn't be arrogant.
他眼神中充满的即便不是感动，至少也是同情。
The emotion in his eyes, even if not moved, is at least sympathy.
虽说⋯⋯ ，但是/可是/不过⋯⋯HSK 7七—九121
句子的类型 · 让步复句
该结构用于承认前句事实的同时，通过后句转折词引出相反或不同的观点，强调让步关系。
This structure acknowledges the first clause while introducing a contrasting viewpoint in the second clause, emphasizing concession.
Ví dụ (3)
虽说他年纪小，但是也不能过于任性。
Although he is young, he still shouldn't be too willful.
虽说中文很难，可是它很有趣。
Even though Chinese is difficult, it's quite interesting.
虽说这是件小事，不过我们应该重视起来。
While this may seem like a small matter, we should still take it seriously.
纵然⋯⋯ ，也⋯⋯HSK 7七—九122
句子的类型 · 让步复句
表示即使某种情况存在，结果或行动仍然保持不变。'纵然'引导让步条件，'也'引出结果或行动，强调不受让步条件影响。
Expresses that even if a certain condition exists, the result or action remains unchanged. '纵然' introduces the concessive condition, while '也' leads to the unaffected outcome or action.
Ví dụ (2)
我们的意见纵然不一致，也应当互相理解。
Even if our opinions are not consistent, we should still understand each other.
这事纵然不好，也是他们之间的事，就让他们自己处理吧。
Even if this matter is not good, it's still between them, so let them handle it themselves.
⋯⋯， 以⋯⋯HSK 7七—九123
句子的类型 · 目的复句
这个结构用于表达目的关系，前半句陈述一个行为或措施，后半句用'以'引出该行为的目的或意图。
This structure is used to express purpose relationships, where the first clause states an action or measure, and the second clause uses '以' (yi) to introduce the purpose or intention of that action.
Ví dụ (2)
政府用他们的名字命名这条街，以纪念在战争中牺牲的战士。
The government named this street after them to honor the soldiers who sacrificed their lives in the war.
老师采用新的教学方法上课，以调动学生的积极性。
The teacher adopts new teaching methods in class to stimulate students' enthusiasm.
⋯⋯，以免/免得⋯⋯HSK 7七—九124
句子的类型 · 目的复句
这个语法结构用于表示采取某种行动的目的是为了避免或防止某种不好的情况发生。'以免'和'免得'意思相近，都表示'为了避免'。
This grammatical structure is used to indicate that an action is taken in order to prevent or avoid an undesirable outcome. '以免' and '免得' are interchangeable and both mean 'in order to avoid' or 'so as not to'.
Ví dụ (2)
出门在外看好你的东西，以免丢失。
When you're out and about, keep an eye on your belongings to avoid losing them.
你把这个写下来，免得过后忘记。
Write this down so you don't forget it later.
⋯⋯，也就是说⋯⋯HSK 7七—九125
句子的类型 · 解说复句
用于对前文内容进行解释、说明或总结，后文是对前文的进一步阐释或等同表达。
Used to explain, clarify, or summarize the preceding content. The following clause provides further elaboration or an equivalent expression of what was stated before.
Ví dụ (2)
这是我的决定，也就是说不关你的事。
This is my decision, which means it has nothing to do with you.
他说这是他新买的书，也就是说他不想借给我们看。
He said this is a book he just bought, which means he doesn't want to lend it to us.
（要+）动词+就+动词+个+补语HSK 7七—九126
句子的类型 · 紧缩复句
该结构表示'如果要做某事，就把它做到极致/彻底'，用于表达决心或强调行动的彻底性。'个'起到强调作用，后面的补语表示程度或结果。
This structure expresses 'if you're going to do something, do it thoroughly/extensively', used to show determination or emphasize the completeness of an action. '个' serves as an intensifier, with the following complement indicating degree or result.
Ví dụ (2)
要玩儿就玩儿个痛快，别总想工作。
If you're going to play, play to your heart's content; don't keep thinking about work.
喝就喝个够，今天不醉不回家。
If you're going to drink, drink your fill; today, we won't go home until we're drunk.
动词（+宾语1）+就+动词（+宾语1 ），别⋯⋯HSK 7七—九127
句子的类型 · 紧缩复句
该结构用于表示对某种行为的让步或接受，后接‘别’引导的劝告或警告，提醒对方不要采取更过激的行动。
This structure expresses acceptance or concession regarding an action, followed by '别' introducing advice or a warning to prevent further escalation.
Ví dụ (2)
走就走，别用这个威胁我！
Go if you want to! Don't use this to threaten me!
说几句就说几句，别太在意。
Say a few words if you must, but don't take it too seriously.
三重或三重以上的复句HSK 7七—九128
句子的类型 · 多重复句
三重或三重以上的复句由三个及以上分句通过关联词连接，形成多层逻辑关系（如因果、转折、条件等），表达复杂语义。
A triple or higher-level complex sentence consists of three or more clauses connected by conjunctions, forming layered logical relationships (e.g., cause-effect, contrast, condition) to express complex meanings.
Ví dụ (3)
他对中文感兴趣，而且对中国文化也十分好奇，所以决定去中国留学，但遭到了父母的反对。
He is interested in Chinese, and also very curious about Chinese culture, so he decided to study in China, but faced opposition from his parents.
大家不要只看外面的风景，也不要只顾看手机，要看好自己的物品，以免产生不必要的损失。
Everyone should not only focus on the scenery outside, nor just stare at their phones, but also keep an eye on their belongings to avoid unnecessary losses.
只要多练习，你的中文水平就会有进步，成绩也会提高，自然也会得到奖学金。
As long as you practice more, your Chinese proficiency will improve, your grades will rise, and you will naturally receive a scholarship.
反问句3：何必/何苦⋯⋯ 呢？HSK 7七—九129
强调的方法
‘何必/何苦…呢？’是反问句式，用于强调某行为没有必要或自找麻烦，表达说话人认为该行为不值得或不合理。
'何必/何苦…呢？' is a rhetorical question structure used to emphasize that an action is unnecessary or self-inflicted trouble, conveying the speaker's view that the action is unworthy or unreasonable.
Ví dụ (2)
这么简单的事我又何必一件事分两次做呢？
Why would I split such a simple task into two parts?
我对谁都没有讲，何苦事先就让他们伤心呢？
I didn’t tell anyone, so why go through the trouble of upsetting them in advance?
（不过/但/可是 话又说回来，⋯⋯HSK 7七—九130
口语格式
这是一个口语中常用的转折表达，用于在承认前文所述情况（通常是不利或负面情况）后，引出另一个相反、补充或更积极的角度，起到缓和语气或转换视角的作用。
This is a common spoken expression used to introduce a contrasting or supplementary point after acknowledging a previous situation (often unfavorable), serving to soften the tone or shift the perspective.
Ví dụ (2)
话又说回来，不能因为生病就失去希望。
But on the other hand, you can't lose hope just because you're sick.
但话又说回来，我们为什么不能把事情处理得对我们更有利呢？
But having said that, why can't we handle things in a way that benefits us more?
X（也）不是，不X也不是HSK 7七—九131
口语格式
该结构用于表达进退两难的处境，表示无论做X还是不做X都不合适，常用于口语中描述令人尴尬或为难的情况。
This structure expresses a dilemma where neither doing X nor not doing X is appropriate, commonly used in spoken Chinese to describe awkward or difficult situations.
Ví dụ (2)
走不是，不走也不是，弄得我们不知道怎么办才好。
Whether we go or stay, neither is right, leaving us at a loss for what to do.
笑也不是，不笑也不是，真让人尴尬。
Whether we laugh or not, neither is appropriate, truly making it awkward.
X也好/也罢，Y也好/也罢HSK 7七—九132
口语格式
这个结构用于表示无论X和Y是什么情况或选择，结果都是一样的，或者表示对两种情况的同等态度。常用于表达'无论...还是...都...'的意思，强调两种情况下的结果或态度相同。
This structure is used to indicate that regardless of whether X or Y is the case, the result is the same, or to express an equal attitude towards both situations. It's commonly used to convey the meaning of 'whether...or...both...', emphasizing that the outcome or attitude is the same for both conditions.
Ví dụ (4)
去也好，不去也好，反正不是什么大不了的事。
Whether we go or not, it's really not a big deal.
快乐也好，伤心也好，这个故事就要结束了。
Whether it's happiness or sadness, this story is about to end.
你也罢，我也罢，都帮不了什么忙。
Whether it's you or me, neither of us can really help.
喜欢也罢，愤怒也罢，终究都是一种情绪。
Whether it's liking or anger, it's ultimately just an emotion.
X了又Y， Y了又XHSK 7七—九133
口语格式
“X了又Y，Y了又X”表示动作反复进行，强调重复性和持续性，常用于描述某人反复做某事，可能带有某种目的或结果。
"X了又Y，Y了又X" indicates that an action is repeated, emphasizing the repetitive and continuous nature of the action. It is often used to describe someone repeatedly doing something, possibly with a certain purpose or result.
Ví dụ (2)
他装了又拆，拆了又装，修理了一整天。
He assembled it and then disassembled it, disassembled it and then assembled it again, spending the whole day repairing it.
小朋友写了又擦，擦了又写，正在认真地练习写汉字。
The child wrote and then erased, erased and then wrote again, practicing writing Chinese characters seriously.
X也X不⋯⋯，Y也Y不⋯⋯HSK 7七—九134
口语格式
这个结构表示无论采取什么行动都无法达到预期效果，表达一种无奈、无助的状态。X和Y通常是相对或相关的动作，强调无论怎么做都无法改变现状。
This structure expresses helplessness, showing that no matter what action is taken, the desired result cannot be achieved. X and Y are typically related or contrasting actions, emphasizing that nothing can change the current situation.
Ví dụ (2)
妈妈还处于担心的状态中，吃也吃不下，睡也睡不着。
Mom is still in a state of worry; she can't eat and can't sleep either.
父母与孩子的关系就是这样，赶也赶不走，留也留不住。
The relationship between parents and children is just like this: you can't drive them away no matter what, and you can't keep them no matter what.
别提（有）多X了HSK 7七—九135
口语格式
该结构用于强调某种性质或状态达到了极高的程度，常带有感叹语气，表示“非常……”或“……极了”。
This structure is used in spoken Chinese to emphasize that a certain quality or state is extremely high, often with an exclamatory tone, meaning 'very...' or '...to the extreme.'
Ví dụ (2)
刚才买的那件衣服，别提多好看了。
The dress I just bought looks absolutely stunning.
听到爸爸的声音，她别提有多兴奋了。
Hearing her father's voice, she was beyond excited.
不知X的HSK 7七—九136
口语格式
「不知X的」是一个口语框架格式，「不知」为固定项，X为疑问代词（如「怎么」「谁」「什么」等）加动词/动词短语的非固定项。该结构表达说话者对某事原因、来源或身份的不知晓状态，常作插入语或状语使用，带有主观不确定语气。
「不知X的」is an oral frame pattern where「不知」is the fixed element and X is a non-fixed element consisting of an interrogative pronoun (e.g., 怎么, 谁, 什么) plus a verb or verb phrase. This structure expresses the speaker's uncertainty or ignorance about the cause, source, or identity of something, often used as an insert or adverbial with a subjective tone of uncertainty.
Ví dụ (2)
不知怎么的，我的眼泪止不住地往下流。
For some reason, my tears just wouldn't stop flowing down.
不知谁说的，他才是凶手。
Someone said, though I don't know who, that he's the real culprit.
话（说）是这么说，不过/可/可是⋯⋯HSK 7七—九137
口语格式
这个结构用于先承认或同意对方的说法，然后委婉地提出相反的观点或限制条件。'话是这么说'或'说是这么说'表示让步，后面用'不过'、'可'或'可是'引出转折，强调说话人真正想表达的是与前文不同的意思。
This structure is used to first acknowledge or agree with someone's statement, then gently introduce an opposing viewpoint or limitation. '话是这么说' or '说是这么说' expresses concession, followed by '不过', '可', or '可是' to introduce a contrast, emphasizing that the speaker's main point differs from what was previously stated.
Ví dụ (2)
话是这么说，不过她还是不习惯。
That's true, but she's still not used to it.
说是这么说，可对方要是真这么干，那我们也做不了什么。
That's true, but if the other side really does it, then there's nothing we can do.
看/瞧你那（X）样HSK 7七—九138
口语格式
这是一个口语表达，用于评论或调侃某人的状态、表情或行为。'看'和'瞧'意思相同，都表示'看'的意思，'你那...样'指'你的...样子/状态'，整体带有轻微贬义或调侃的语气。
This is a colloquial expression used to comment on or tease someone about their state, expression, or behavior. '看' and '瞧' both mean 'to look at', and '你那...样' refers to 'your...appearance/state', conveying a slightly derogatory or teasing tone.
Ví dụ (2)
看你那伤心样，还以为你这回真的好不到哪里去了。
Look at your sad face—I thought you were really in trouble this time.
瞧你那样，还挺得意。
Look at you, so proud.
看在X的面子上HSK 7七—九139
口语格式
表示为了某人的情分、面子或出于对某人的尊重而做某事。
This structure indicates doing something out of consideration for someone, for their sake, or out of respect for them.
Ví dụ (2)
我是看在她的面子上才答应的。
I only agreed because I was doing it for her sake.
三位客人看在老人的面子上又坐下了。
The three guests sat down again out of respect for the elderly person.
哪有X这么Y的/有X这样Y的吗HSK 7七-九140
口语格式
这是口语中表达惊讶、不满或批评的反问句式，用于质疑某人行为的不合理性，强调'怎么会有你这样的人/行为'。
This is a rhetorical question pattern used in spoken Chinese to express surprise, dissatisfaction, or criticism, questioning the unreasonableness of someone's behavior and emphasizing 'how can someone be like this'.
Ví dụ (3)
哪有你这么过分的？好处全让你给占了。
How can you be so outrageous? You've taken all the benefits for yourself.
哪有你这么直接的？给他留点儿面子呀。
How can you be so blunt? You should leave him some face.
有他这样做人的吗？总是在背后说人家坏话。
Can someone behave like this? He's always badmouthing others behind their backs.
什么X的Y的HSK 7七—九141
口语格式
该结构用于列举不同事物或情况，强调其共同属性或结果，常带有否定个体差异、突出整体性的语气。
This structure lists different items or conditions to emphasize their shared outcome or characteristic, often with a tone that downplays individual differences.
Ví dụ (2)
什么你的我的，都是大家的。
What’s yours or mine, it’s all for everyone.
什么好的坏的，我们买的都是一样的。
Whether it’s good or bad, what we bought is the same.
说到/想到哪儿去了HSK 7七—九142
口语格式
该结构用于指出对方偏离主题或误解原意，带有责备或纠正的语气，强调话题/想法脱离正轨。
This structure is used to point out that someone has strayed from the topic or misunderstood the original point, expressing criticism or correction about their off-track topic/thoughts.
Ví dụ (2)
你看你，说到哪儿去了，我说的是买蛋糕的问题。
Look at you, you've gone off-topic! I was talking about buying a cake.
你想到哪儿去了！我肯定不会跟别人说的。
You're thinking too much! I definitely won't tell anyone else.
无所谓X不XHSK 7七—九143
口语格式
表示对某事物的某种特征或状态不关心，只关注其他更重要的方面。
Expresses indifference to whether something has a certain quality or not, focusing only on other more important aspects.
Ví dụ (2)
无所谓好看不好看，我满意就行。
It doesn't matter whether it looks good or not; I'm satisfied.
无所谓贵不贵，质量好就可以。
It doesn't matter whether it's expensive or not; as long as the quality is good.
要X有/没X，要Y有/没YHSK 7七—九144
口语格式
该结构用于对比某人在两个方面的情况，通过重复'要X有/没X'的句式强调其具备或缺乏某种特质。
This structure contrasts two aspects of a person's qualities by repeating '要X有/没X' to emphasize the presence or absence of specific traits.
Ví dụ (2)
她要成绩有成绩，要形象有形象。
She has both excellent academic performance and a great personal image.
他要学历没学历，要胆子没胆子。
He lacks both qualifications and courage.
带关联词语HSK 7七—九145
句群 · 按形式分类
带关联词语的句子通过连接词（如因为、因此、即使、假如、然而等）表达逻辑关系，包括因果、条件、让步、转折等，使句子结构更清晰、逻辑更严密。
Sentences with conjunctions use connecting words (such as because, therefore, even if, if, however, etc.) to express logical relationships including cause-effect, condition, concession, and contrast, making sentence structure clearer and logic more rigorous.
Ví dụ (3)
除了记忆能力差之外，我还有其他的缺点，这些缺点在很大程度上使我变得无知。
Besides having poor memory, I also have other shortcomings, which to a large extent make me ignorant.
因为我脑子慢、糊涂，周围环境稍有变化就会看不清楚。因此，即使是十分容易解开的谜，我也从不要求自己去解。
Because my mind is slow and confused, I cannot see clearly when the surrounding environment changes even slightly. Therefore, even for puzzles that are very easy to solve, I never ask myself to solve them.
您花上几天时间，到处寻找，也可能没有一点儿收获。假如一个上午能找到两三片化石，那么这个上午就可以说是终生难忘的时刻了。然而，上个月我们竟然有过三次“终生难忘的时刻”。
You may spend several days searching everywhere and still get no results at all. If you can find two or three fossil fragments in one morning, then that morning can be said to be an unforgettable moment in your life. However, last month we actually had three such "unforgettable moments."
不带关联词语HSK 7七—九146
句群 · 按形式分类
该语法结构通过并列分句和重复句式表达递进或并列关系，无需关联词连接。中文通过逗号分隔短句形成节奏感，强调事物变化或状态递进。
This grammatical structure uses parallel clauses and repetitive sentence patterns to express progression or parallelism without conjunctions. Chinese employs commas to separate short sentences, creating rhythm and emphasizing changes or progressive states.
Ví dụ (2)
风，更猛了。雪，更大了。我们每前进一步，更艰难了。
The wind grew stronger. The snow fell heavier. Every step we took became more difficult.
盼望着，东风来了，春天的脚步近了。一切事物都像刚出生的孩子，柔柔的，嫩嫩的。草绿了，花开了，河面上的冰雪也开始融化了。
With anticipation, the east wind arrived, and spring's footsteps drew near. Everything resembled a newborn child, soft and tender. The grass turned green, flowers bloomed, and ice on the river began to melt.
联合关系：并列句群、承接句群、递进句群、选择句群、解说句群、总括句群HSK 7七—九147
句群 · 按意义分类
联合关系句群通过并列、承接、递进、选择、解说、总括等逻辑关系将句子连接起来，形成意义连贯的语段，使表达更有条理和层次。
Joint relationship sentence groups connect sentences through logical relationships such as coordination, sequence, progression, selection, explanation, and generalization to form coherent discourse with clear organization and hierarchy.
Ví dụ (2)
在一起一年多了。时间虽然不长，但是哥哥再也没有胃疼得起不来了，那是因为我每天早上硬拉他起来吃早饭。我呢，更是体会到了被人悉心照料的感觉。从此我们的生活就多了一份彼此间的牵挂。（承接句群）
We've been together for over a year. Although it hasn't been a long time, my brother no longer gets stomachaches that keep him from getting out of bed, because I insist on getting him up to eat breakfast every morning. As for me, I've experienced the feeling of being carefully cared for. From then on, our lives gained an extra thread of mutual concern. (Sequence sentence group)
运动场聚集了很多人。来长跑的有大学的音乐系教授、中文系教授，有跳高运动员、跳远运动员、游泳运动员、长跑运动员，有那个写了一部小说的作家，还有各个大学的大学生。总而言之吧，那时候小小的农场真可谓人才聚集，全省的本事人基本上都到这里来了。（总括句群）
The sports field was crowded with people. Those who came for long-distance running included music professors, Chinese literature professors from the university, high jumpers, long jumpers, swimmers, long-distance runners, that novelist who wrote a novel, and college students from various universities. In short, at that time, this small farm was truly a gathering of talents; basically all the skilled people in the province had come here. (Generalization sentence group)
偏正关系：条件句群、因果句群、目的句群、转折句群、假设句群、让步句群HSK 7七—九148
句群 · 按意义分类
偏正关系中的句群通过逻辑关联词（如虽然...但是、因为...所以）连接分句，形成条件、因果、目的、转折、假设、让步等语义关系。不同句群类型通过特定关联词体现分句间的逻辑层次与主次关系。
Subordinate clause relationships in Chinese grammar use logical connectors (e.g., although...but, because...therefore) to link clauses into semantic groups like condition, cause-effect, purpose, contrast, hypothesis, or concession. These structures establish hierarchical relationships between clauses through specific conjunctions.
Ví dụ (2)
他们俩正是这样有思想的一对青年。在当时新思想的影响下，他们走上了革命之路。不少人热情地歌颂了他们的反抗和爱情，但是鲁迅先生以敏锐的目光看到了这种反抗和爱情中所包含的悲剧因素。（转折句群）
They were precisely such a thoughtful pair of young people. Under the influence of new ideologies at the time, they embarked on the revolutionary path. Many people enthusiastically praised their rebellion and love, but Mr. Lu Xun, with his keen insight, recognized the tragic elements inherent in this rebellion and love. (Contrastive clause group)
单位楼下的路口，新开了两家卖早餐的店，早餐的主要顾客，是在附近写字楼上班的人。虽然卖着同样的早餐，味道差不多，价格也一样，而且每天早上每家店前都排满了顾客，但月底一计算，东边胖大姐的利润却是西边瘦大姐的两倍多。仔细观察一番才发现，原来差别竟出在经营策略上一瘦大姐坚持自己十几年卖早餐的传统方式，每收一个顾客的钱，就卷一个饼，然后收下一个顾客的钱，再卷一个饼。而胖大姐则截然不同，她事先把做好的饼摆整齐，自己只管收钱和找钱，前面并排放着五双筷子，让交完钱的顾客自己动手卷菜。（因果句群）
At the intersection downstairs from the office building, two new breakfast shops opened, with office workers from nearby buildings as their main customers. Although both shops sold similar breakfast items with comparable taste and prices, and both had long queues every morning, a month-end calculation revealed that the profit from the eastern fat sister's shop was over twice that of the western thin sister's. Upon closer inspection, the difference stemmed from their business strategies: the thin sister stuck to her traditional method of selling breakfast for over a decade, rolling one pancake after receiving payment from each customer before serving the next. In stark contrast, the fat sister prearranged her prepared pancakes neatly, focusing solely on handling payments and change, while placing five pairs of chopsticks side by side for customers to assemble their own pancakes after paying. (Causal clause group)