HSK 1

48 จุดไวยากรณ์

方位名词：上、下、里、外、前、后、左、右、东、南、西、北；上边、下边、里边、外边、前边、后边、左边、右边、东边、南边、西边、北边HSK 1一01

词类 · 名词

方位名词如'上'、'下'、'里'等用于表示物体或人的位置或方向。在名词后加'边'可进一步强调具体方位，如'上边'、'里边'。

Directional nouns like '上' (shàng), '下' (xià), '里' (lǐ), etc., indicate the position or direction of an object or person. Adding '边' (biān) after a noun emphasizes a specific location, such as '上边' (shàngbiān) or '里边' (lǐbiān).

ตัวอย่าง (6)

桌子上树下房间里门外楼前门后

on the table, under the tree, inside the room, outside the door, in front of the building, behind the door

桌子上边书包里边饭店的前边图书馆的北边东边的车站南边的房子

on the upper side of the table, inside the schoolbag, in front of the restaurant, to the north of the library, the station on the east side, the house on the south side

书在桌子上。

The book is on the table.

手机在书包里。

The mobile phone is inside the schoolbag.

房间里没有人。

There is no one in the room.

他去东边的车站。

He goes to the station on the east side.

能愿动词：会、能HSK 1一02

词类 · 动词

“会”和“能”是能愿动词，用来表示能力、可能性或许可。

"会" and "能" are modal verbs used to express ability, possibility, or permission.

ตัวอย่าง (2)

我不会说中文。

I cannot speak Chinese.

明天你能来吗？

Can you come tomorrow?

能愿动词：想、要HSK 1一03

词类 · 动词

能愿动词“想”表示主观意愿或打算，“要”表示计划、需求或必要性。它们用于动词前，表达说话者的意图或必要性。

The modal verbs '想' (xiǎng) and '要' (yào) express intention or necessity. '想' indicates a desire or plan to do something, while '要' indicates a plan, need, or obligation. They are placed before the main verb.

ตัวอย่าง (2)

我想学中文。

I want to learn Chinese.

他要去书店。

He is going to the bookstore.

疑问代词：多、多少、几、哪、哪儿、哪里、哪些、什么、谁、怎么HSK 1一04

词类 · 代词

这些疑问代词用于询问不同信息：多/多大问年龄或程度，多少问数量，几问时间或序数，哪个/哪些问选择（单数/复数），哪儿/哪里问地点，什么问事物，谁问人，怎么问方式或原因。

These interrogative pronouns are used to ask for different types of information: 多/多大 for age or degree, 多少 for quantity, 几 for time or ordinal numbers, 哪个/哪些 for choices (singular/plural), 哪儿/哪里 for locations, 什么 for things, 谁 for people, and 怎么 for methods or reasons.

ตัวอย่าง (10)

他多大？

How old is he?

你们班有多少个学生？

How many students are in your class?

现在几点？

What time is it now?

你喜欢哪个电影？

Which movie do you like?

你们去哪儿？

Where are you going?

车站在哪里？

Where is the bus station?

你们班有哪些国家的学生？

What nationalities of students are in your class?

你买什么？

What are you buying?

谁是老师？

Who is the teacher?

你怎么去医院？

How do you go to the hospital?

人称代词：我、你、您、他、她、我们、你们、他们、她们HSK 1一05

词类 · 代词

人称代词用于指代说话者、听话者或第三者，包括单数和复数形式。'您'是'你'的尊称，用于表示尊敬或礼貌。

Personal pronouns are used to refer to the speaker, the listener, or third parties, including both singular and plural forms. '您' is the respectful form of '你', used to show respect or politeness.

ตัวอย่าง (7)

你好，我要两个本子。

Hello, I want two notebooks.

您好！

Hello! (formal)

他想喝水。

He wants to drink water.

她很高。

She is very tall.

我们去书店，你们去哪儿？

We're going to the bookstore, where are you going?

他们是学生。

They are students.

她们是我的同学。

They (female) are my classmates.

指示代词：这、那、这儿、那儿、这里、那里、这些、那些、别的、有的HSK 1一06

词类 · 代词

这、那等指示代词用于指代人、事物或地点，其中"这"系列表示近指，"那"系列表示远指；"这儿/这里"和"那儿/那里"分别表示近处和远处的地点；"这些/那些"用于复数；"别的"表示其他；"有的"表示部分。

Demonstrative pronouns like 这 (this) and 那 (that) are used to point to people, things, or locations, with the 这 series indicating proximity and the 那 series indicating distance; 这儿/这里 and 那儿/那里 refer to nearby and distant places respectively; 这些/那些 are used for plural items; 别的 means "other"; and 有的 means "some".

ตัวอย่าง (9)

这是谁的手机？

Whose phone is this?

她喜欢那个书包。

She likes that schoolbag.

这儿很好。

This place is very nice.

我去那儿学习。

I go there to study.

你坐这里，弟弟坐那里。

You sit here, and your younger brother sits there.

这些书很新。

These books are very new.

那些东西都很贵。

Those things are all very expensive.

你还要别的东西吗？

Do you need anything else?

有的同学在休息，有的同学在看书。

Some classmates are resting, while others are reading.

一、二/两、三、四、五、六、七、八、九、零；十、百；半HSK 1一07

词类 · 数词

“二”和“两”都是表示数字2的中文数词，但用法不同。“二”通常用于数字组合中（如十二、二十、二百），而“两”通常用于量词前（如两个人、两本书）。“半”表示一半，常用于时间（如八点半）和数量（如半个小时）。

"二" and "两" both represent the number 2 in Chinese, but they are used differently. "二" is typically used in number combinations (like 十二, 二十, 二百), while "两" is used before measure words (like 两个人, 两本书). "半" means "half" and is commonly used with time (like 八点半) and quantities (like 半个小时).

ตัวอย่าง (4)

五十五一百一十五六二百六（十）二百零六

Five, fifteen, one hundred fifteen, six, two hundred sixty (ten), two hundred six

十二二十二百两百

Twelve, twenty, two hundred, two hundred

两个人两本书

Two people, two books

八点半半个小时

Eight thirty, half an hour

名量词：杯、本、个、家、间、口、块、页HSK 1一08

词类 · 量词

名量词用于计量名词，不同名词需搭配特定量词。'杯'用于液体，'本'用于书籍，'个'是通用量词，'家'用于商店/公司，'间'用于房间，'口'用于家庭人口，'块'用于块状物体，'页'用于书页。

Classifier words are used to quantify nouns, with specific classifiers paired with different nouns. '杯' for liquids, '本' for books, '个' as a general classifier, '家' for shops/companies, '间' for rooms, '口' for family members, '块' for block-shaped objects, and '页' for pages.

ตัวอย่าง (1)

两杯牛奶三本书四个学生五家商店六间房子三口人七块面包

Two cups of milk, three books, four students, five shops, six houses, three people in a family, seven pieces of bread

程度副词：非常、很、太、真、最HSK 1一09

词类 · 副词

程度副词（如非常、很、太、真、最）用于修饰形容词或动词，表示动作或状态的程度。它们通常放在被修饰词之前。

Degree adverbs (such as 非常, 很, 太, 真, 最) are used to modify adjectives or verbs, indicating the degree of an action or state. They are typically placed before the word they modify.

ตัวอย่าง (5)

我非常喜欢这本书。

I really like this book.

那个本子很好看。

That notebook is very nice.

这里太冷了。

It's too cold here.

你的房间真干净！

Your room is so clean!

我最喜欢打球。

I like playing ball the most.

范围、协同副词：都、一块儿、一起HSK 1一10

词类 · 副词

这些副词用于表达范围或协同动作：'都'表示总括，指前面提到的所有对象；'一块儿'和'一起'都表示共同、协同进行某动作。

These adverbs express scope or joint action: '都' indicates totality, referring to all previously mentioned subjects; '一块儿' and '一起' both mean together or jointly performing an action.

ตัวอย่าง (3)

同学们都很认真。

All the students are very serious.

我们常一块儿玩儿。

We often play together.

明天他们一起去图书馆。

Tomorrow they are going to the library together.

时间副词：马上、先、有时、在、正、正在HSK 1一11

词类 · 副词

这些时间副词用于表达动作发生的时间状态：'马上'表示立即，'先'表示顺序优先，'有时'表示频率，'在/正/正在'表示动作进行中。

These time adverbs express temporal states: '马上' indicates immediacy, '先' shows priority in sequence, '有时' denotes frequency, and '在/正/正在' mark ongoing actions.

ตัวอย่าง (6)

医生马上来。

The doctor is coming right away.

老师，我先说吧。

Teacher, let me speak first.

他有时晚上上课。

He sometimes has classes in the evening.

我在看电视呢。

I'm watching TV right now.

你等一下儿，他正吃饭呢。

Wait a moment, he's eating right now.

他们正在唱歌。

They are singing right now.

频率、重复副词：常、常常、再HSK 1一12

词类 · 副词

“常”和“常常”表示动作或状态经常发生，频率较高；“再”表示重复做某事，意为“再次”。

'常' and '常常' indicate that an action or state occurs frequently; '再' means 'again' and is used to express doing something repeatedly.

ตัวอย่าง (3)

他常去饭店吃饭。

He often goes to restaurants to eat.

她常常不吃早饭。

She often skips breakfast.

今天的电影太好看了，我们明天再去看吧。

Today's movie was so good, let's go see it again tomorrow.

关联副词：还、也HSK 1一13

词类 · 副词

“还”表示在已有基础上进一步，有递进关系；“也”表示两事相同或相似，有并列关系。

“还” indicates an additional action or item, expressing progression; “也” indicates similarity or identity between two things, expressing parallelism.

ตัวอย่าง (2)

他要去上海，还要去北京。

He is going to Shanghai, and he is also going to Beijing.

他是学生，我也是学生。

He is a student, and I am a student too.

否定副词：另、不、没、没有HSK 1一14

词类 · 副词

否定副词用于表示否定意义。'别'用于禁止或劝阻；'不'用于否定现在的状态、性质或习惯；'没'和'没有'用于否定过去发生的动作或事件。

Negative adverbs are used to express negation. '别' is used for prohibition or advice against doing something; '不' is used to negate present states, qualities, or habitual actions; '没' and '没有' are used to negate past events or actions that did not happen.

ตัวอย่าง (4)

你别进来。

Don't come in.

今天不热。

It's not hot today.

他昨天没上课。

He didn't attend class yesterday.

我今天没有吃早饭。

I didn't have breakfast today.

从HSK 1一15

词类 · 引出时间、处所

‘从’用于引出动作发生的时间或地点的起点。

'从' is used to indicate the starting point of time or location for an action.

ตัวอย่าง (2)

我们从星期一到星期五工作。

We work from Monday to Friday.

你从哪儿来？

Where do you come from?

在HSK 1一16

词类 · 引出时间、处所

介词“在”用于引出动作发生的地点或时间，常放在动词前作状语。

The preposition '在' is used to indicate the location or time where an action takes place, typically placed before the verb as an adverbial.

ตัวอย่าง (2)

哥哥在北京学中文。

My older brother studies Chinese in Beijing.

他在手机上看电影。

He watches movies on his phone.

跟、和HSK 1一17

词类 · 引出对象

“跟”和“和”都用于引出动作的对象或共同参与者，相当于“与”、“同”，常与动词搭配使用。

'跟' and '和' are both used to indicate the object or companion of an action, similar to 'with', and are often used with verbs.

ตัวอย่าง (2)

他跟老师请假了。

He asked the teacher for leave.

我没和姐姐一起去中国。

I didn't go to China with my sister.

比HSK 1一18

词类 · 引出对象

“比”用于比较两个事物在某一属性上的差异，结构为“A比B+形容词”，表示A在比较项上超过B。

The word '比' is used to compare two things regarding a specific attribute, with the structure 'A比B+adjective', indicating A exceeds B in the compared quality.

ตัวอย่าง (2)

哥哥比弟弟高。

Older brother is taller than younger brother.

这个房间比那个房间大。

This room is bigger than that room.

连接词或短语：跟、还是、和HSK 1一19

词类 · 连词

“跟”和“和”用于连接两个并列成分（如名词），表示“和”的意思；“还是”用于选择疑问句，表示“或者”的意思，用于在两个或多个选项中做出选择。

“跟” and “和” are used to connect two parallel elements (such as nouns), meaning "and"; “还是” is used in choice questions, meaning "or", used to choose between two or more options.

ตัวอย่าง (3)

爸爸跟妈妈都不在家。

Neither Dad nor Mom is at home.

你喝茶还是喝水？

Do you want tea or water?

我和弟弟都学习中文。

My younger brother and I both study Chinese.

结构助词：的、地HSK 1一20

词类 · 助词

“的”用于连接定语和中心语，表示修饰关系；“地”用于连接状语和动词，表示动作的方式或状态。

“的” connects a modifier to a noun, indicating a descriptive relationship; “地” connects an adverbial phrase to a verb, indicating the manner or state of an action.

ตัวอย่าง (2)

你的衣服很好看。

Your clothes look very nice.

他高兴地说：“我明天回家。”

He said happily, "I will go home tomorrow."

动态助词：了HSK 1一21

词类 · 助词

动态助词“了”放在动词后面，表示动作已经完成。在否定句中，用“没”来否定，动词后面不加“了”。

The particle 'le' is placed after a verb to indicate that an action has been completed. In negative sentences, 'mei' is used for negation, and 'le' is not added after the verb.

ตัวอย่าง (2)

他买了一本书。/他没买书。

He bought a book. / He didn't buy a book.

我写了两个汉字。/我没写汉字。

I wrote two Chinese characters. / I didn't write any Chinese characters.

语气助词：吧、了、吗、呢HSK 1一22

词类 · 助词

语气助词用于句末，表达不同的语气和语用功能：'吧'表示建议或请求，'了'表示状态变化或完成，'吗'构成是非疑问句，'呢'用于特殊疑问句或表示状态持续。

Sentence-final particles express different moods and pragmatic functions: 'ba' indicates suggestion or request, 'le' marks change of state or completion, 'ma' forms yes/no questions, and 'ne' is used in wh-questions or indicates ongoing state.

ตัวอย่าง (5)

我们走吧。

Let's go.

我累了。

I'm tired.

她是医生吗？

Is she a doctor?

他是哪国人呢？

What nationality is he?

我在看书呢。

I'm reading.

数量短语HSK 1一23

短语 · 结构类型

数词和量词组合成数量短语，用于修饰名词，表示事物的数量。如"一个"、"两杯"、"三本"等。

Numeral-measure word phrases combine numerals and measure words to modify nouns, indicating quantity. Examples include 'one' (一个), 'two cups' (两杯), 'three volumes' (三本), etc.

ตัวอย่าง (1)

一个两杯三本四包五块

one, two cups, three volumes, four packs, five pieces

名词、代词或名词性短语作主语HSK 1一24

句子成分 · 主语

在中文句子中，名词、代词或名词性短语可以作为主语，表示动作的执行者、状态的主体或被描述的对象。主语通常位于句首，是句子的核心成分。

In Chinese sentences, nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases can function as subjects, representing the doer of an action, the entity in a state, or the object being described. The subject typically appears at the beginning of the sentence and is the core component.

ตัวอย่าง (3)

衣服很好看。

The clothes look very nice.

他在看电视。

He is watching TV.

这个房间很干净。

This room is very clean.

动词或动词性短语、形容词或形容词性短语作谓语HSK 1一25

句子成分 · 谓语

在汉语中，谓语可以由动词、动词短语、形容词或形容词短语充当。形容词作谓语时直接描述主语的状态或性质，无需系动词。

In Chinese, the predicate can be formed by verbs, verb phrases, adjectives, or adjective phrases. Adjectives can directly serve as predicates to describe the state or quality of the subject without needing a linking verb.

ตัวอย่าง (4)

他病了。

He is sick.

我们学中文。

We study Chinese.

今天不冷。

It is not cold today.

这个菜很好吃。

This dish is very delicious.

名词、代词或名词性短语作宾语HSK 1一26

句子成分 · 宾语

宾语由名词、代词或名词性短语充当，位于动词后表示动作的对象或接受者。

Objects in Chinese sentences are formed by nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases, placed after the verb to indicate the recipient of the action.

ตัวอย่าง (3)

他吃面包。

He eats bread.

妈妈来看我了。

Mom came to see me.

她买了一个手机。

She bought a mobile phone.

名词性词语、形容词性词语、数量短语作定语HSK 1一27

句子成分 · 定语

名词性词语、形容词性词语和数量短语都可以作定语，用来修饰名词。定语通常放在被修饰的名词前面，表示事物的性质、特征或数量。

Nouns, adjectives, and numeral-classifier phrases can all function as attributives to modify nouns. Attributives are usually placed before the modified noun to indicate the nature, characteristics, or quantity of the thing.

ตัวอย่าง (4)

他在看中文书。

He is reading a Chinese book.

新书包很好看。

The new schoolbag looks very nice.

我喜欢干净的房间。

I like clean rooms.

她看了两本书。

She read two books.

副词、形容词作状语；表示时间、处所的词语作状语HSK 1一28

句子成分 · 状语

副词、形容词可直接修饰动词或形容词作状语，表示程度、方式等；时间、处所词语通过介词或直接置于动词前说明动作发生的时间或地点。

Adverbs and adjectives can directly modify verbs or adjectives as adverbials to indicate degree or manner; time/place expressions function as adverbials by specifying when/where an action occurs, either with prepositions or directly before the verb.

ตัวอย่าง (7)

他不吃包子。

He does not eat baozi.

这个房间非常干净。

This room is very clean.

你认真写！

Please write carefully!

他十点睡觉。

He goes to bed at ten o'clock.

我们下午去吧。

Let's go in the afternoon.

她在网上买了两本书。

She bought two books online.

哥哥从北京回来了。

My older brother has returned from Beijing.

主谓句1：动词谓语句HSK 1一29

句子的类型 · 单句

动词谓语句是汉语中最基本的句子结构，由主语和动词（或动词短语）构成，用来表达主语的动作、行为或状态。

Verb-predicate sentences are the most basic sentence structure in Chinese, consisting of a subject and a verb (or verb phrase) that expresses the subject's action, behavior, or state.

ตัวอย่าง (2)

我买一个面包。

I buy a bread.

他不去医院。

He does not go to the hospital.

主谓句2：形容词谓语句HSK 1一30

句子的类型 · 单句

形容词谓语句是由形容词直接充当谓语的句子，用来描写主语的性质或状态，常带有程度副词如“很”、“最”等。

An adjectival predicate sentence is one where an adjective functions directly as the predicate to describe the nature or state of the subject, often accompanied by degree adverbs such as 'very' or 'most'.

ตัวอย่าง (2)

房间很干净。

The room is very clean.

这个学生最认真。

This student is the most serious.

非主谓句HSK 1一31

句子的类型 · 单句

非主谓句是由非主谓结构（如动词短语、名词短语等）构成的句子，常用于表达自然现象、紧急提醒或简短命令，不需要主语。

Non-subject-predicate sentences are formed by non-subject-predicate structures (such as verb phrases, noun phrases, etc.), commonly used to express natural phenomena, urgent warnings, or short commands, without requiring a subject.

ตัวอย่าง (2)

下雨了。

It's raining.

车！

Car!

※复句（见 “A.1.4.4 复句”）

陈述句HSK 1一32

句子的类型 · 句类

陈述句是用来陈述事实或说明情况的句子，语调平稳，句末使用句号。可以是肯定句或否定句。

A declarative sentence is used to state a fact or describe a situation. It ends with a period and can be affirmative or negative.

ตัวอย่าง (2)

妈妈做晚饭。

Mom is making dinner.

我不喜欢看电视。

I don't like watching TV.

疑问句HSK 1一33

句子的类型 · 句类

疑问句用于提问，分为是非问句（句末加“吗”）、特指问句（用疑问代词如“谁”“什么”）、选择问句（用“还是”连接选项）、正反问句（用“V不V”或“V没V”结构）。这些结构帮助询问信息、确认事实或选择。

Interrogative sentences are used to ask questions and are categorized into yes/no questions (ending with "吗"), wh-questions (using interrogative pronouns like "谁" or "什么"), alternative questions (using "还是" to present options), and A-not-A questions (using structures like "V不V" or "V没V"). These structures help seek information, confirm facts, or present choices.

- 是非问句

- 特指问句

- 选择问句

- 正反问句

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他是老师吗？

Is he a teacher?

那儿现在热吗？

Is it hot there now?

谁跟你一起去书店？

Who is going with you to the bookstore?

你想买什么？

What do you want to buy?

你爸爸是老师还是医生？

Is your father a teacher or a doctor?

你们坐火车去还是坐飞机去？

Are you going by train or by plane?

你喝不喝牛奶？

Do you drink milk?

你吃没吃早饭？

Have you had breakfast?

你吃早饭了没有？

Have you eaten breakfast yet?

今天冷不冷？

Is it cold today?

这个房间干净不干净？

Is this room clean?

祈使句HSK 1一34

句子的类型 · 句类

祈使句用来表示命令、请求、禁止或劝告等，通常省略主语“你”。

Imperative sentences are used to give commands, make requests, prohibit actions, or offer advice, often omitting the subject 'you'.

ตัวอย่าง (2)

请进！

Come in, please!

别说了！

Stop talking!

感叹句HSK 1一35

句子的类型 · 句类

感叹句用于表达强烈的情感或评价，常用“太...了”或“真...”来强调程度。

Exclamatory sentences express strong emotions or evaluations, often using "太...了" (too...!) or "真..." (really...!) to emphasize degree.

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今天太热了！

It's so hot today!

这水果真好吃！

This fruit is really delicious!

“是”字句HSK 1一36

句子的类型 · 特殊句型

“是”字句用于表示等同关系（如身份/所属）、说明事物特征或描述存在状态，常构成“主语+是+宾语”结构。

The '是' sentence structure expresses equivalence (identity/possession), describes characteristics, or indicates existence, typically following the 'subject + 是 + object' pattern.

- 表示等同或类属

- 表示说明或特征

- 表示存在

ตัวอย่าง (6)

他是我的老师。

He is my teacher.

这是他的书。

This is his book.

花是白的。

The flowers are white.

衣服是干净的。

The clothes are clean.

车站东边是一个学校。

To the east of the station is a school.

教学楼西边不是图书馆。

The building west of the teaching building is not the library.

“有”字句1HSK 1一37

句子的类型 · 特殊句型

表示领有和存在。'有'字句用于表达某人拥有某物，或某处存在某物。

Used to express possession or existence. The '有' (have) sentence structure indicates that someone possesses something, or that something exists in a certain place.

- 表示领有

- 表示存在

ตัวอย่าง (5)

我有很多书。

I have many books.

他没有哥哥。

He doesn't have an older brother.

一个星期有七天。

A week has seven days.

房间里有两张桌子。

There are two tables in the room.

房间里没有桌子。

There are no tables in the room.

比较句1HSK 1一38

句子的类型 · 特殊句型

“A比B+形容词”用于比较两个事物，表示A在某个方面超过B；“A没有B+形容词”表示A在某个方面不如B。

The structure 'A比B+形容词' is used to compare two things, indicating that A exceeds B in some aspect; 'A没有B+形容词' indicates that A is not as good as B in some aspect.

- A比B+形容词

- A没有B+形容词

ตัวอย่าง (4)

我朋友比我高。

My friend is taller than me.

这个手机比那个贵。

This phone is more expensive than that one.

昨天没有今天热。

Yesterday wasn't as hot as today.

这个书包没有那个好看。

This bag isn't as good-looking as that one.

并列复句HSK 1一39

句子的类型 · 复句

并列复句由两个或多个意义相关的分句组成，分句间无主从关系。不用关联词时直接并列；用“一边…一边…”表示同时进行的动作，用“…，也…”表示相同情况或属性。

A coordinate compound sentence consists of two or more semantically related clauses with no hierarchical relationship. Without conjunctions, clauses are directly juxtaposed; '一边…一边…' indicates simultaneous actions, while '…，也…' expresses shared situations or attributes.

- 不用关联词语

- 用关联词语：一边⋯⋯，一边⋯⋯；⋯⋯，也⋯⋯

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我喜欢看电视，弟弟喜欢打球。

I like watching TV, and my younger brother likes playing ball.

他有一个哥哥，没有姐姐。

He has an older brother, but he doesn't have a sister.

他一边走路，一边唱歌。

He walks while singing.

哥哥一边看电视，一边吃东西。

My older brother watches TV while eating snacks.

我喜欢唱歌，弟弟也喜欢唱歌。

I like singing, and my younger brother also likes singing.

这个房间很大，也很干净。

This room is very large and also very clean.

变化态：用动态助词“了”表示HSK 1一40

动作的态

动态助词“了”放在动词或形容词后，表示状态的变化或动作的完成。否定形式用“没”，后面不加“了”。

The particle '了' follows a verb or adjective to indicate a change of state or completion of an action. The negative form uses '没' without '了'.

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她病了。/她没病。

She is sick now. / She is not sick.

雨小了。/雨没小。

The rain has gotten lighter. / The rain hasn't gotten lighter.

他吃早饭了。/他没吃早饭。

He has eaten breakfast. / He hasn't eaten breakfast.

完成态：用动态助词“了”表示HSK 1一41

动作的态

动态助词“了”用在动词后表示动作已经完成。否定形式用“没”，后面不加“了”。

The particle 'le' is used after a verb to indicate that an action has been completed. In negative sentences, 'mei' is used without 'le'.

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他买了两个面包。/他没买面包。

He bought two loaves of bread. / He didn't buy any bread.

我喝了很多水。/我没喝水。

I drank a lot of water. / I didn't drink any water.

进行态HSK 1一42

动作的态

表示动作正在进行中，常用“在”“正在”或句末“呢”来标记。

Indicates an action is currently in progress, often marked by "在" (zài), "正在" (zhèngzài), or the particle "呢" (ne) at the end of the sentence.

- ⋯⋯在/正在+动词

- ⋯⋯在/正/正在+动词⋯⋯+呢

- ⋯⋯呢

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孩子在睡觉，你别说话。

The child is sleeping, please don't talk.

外边正在下雨。

It is raining outside.

你等一下儿，他在打电话呢。

Wait a moment, he is on the phone.

老师进来的时候，我正听歌呢。

When the teacher came in, I was listening to music.

同学们正在考试呢。

The students are taking an exam.

我没看电视，看书呢。

I'm not watching TV; I'm reading.

甲：你在做什么？

A: What are you doing?

乙：我洗衣服呢。

B: I'm doing the laundry.

钱数表示法HSK 1一43

特殊表达法 · 数的表示法

中文金额表达中，"块"（元）、"毛"（角）、"分"是基本单位。当某一位为零时用"零"表示，末尾单位可省略。

In Chinese monetary expressions, "块" (yuan), "毛" (jiao), and "分" (fen) are the basic units. "零" is used to indicate a zero digit, and final units can be omitted.

ตัวอย่าง (5)

九块三（毛）（9.30元）

Nine yuan and three jiao (9.30 yuan)

十五块六毛三（分）（15.63元）

Fifteen yuan, six jiao, and three fen (15.63 yuan)

二十五块零八（分）（25.08元）

Twenty-five yuan and eight fen (25.08 yuan)

一百五十（元）一百五十（块）（150元）

One hundred and fifty yuan (150 yuan)

一百零五（元）一百零五（块）（105元）

One hundred and five yuan (105 yuan)

时间表示法HSK 1一44

特殊表达法 · 时间表示法

时间表示法用于表达具体日期（年、月、日）和钟点，其中年月日按数字顺序排列并加‘年’‘月’‘日’，星期用‘星期’加数字，钟点用‘点’‘分’‘半’‘差’等词表示具体时间。

Time expressions indicate specific dates (year, month, day) and clock times, using '年/月/日' for dates, '星期' for weekdays, and '点/分/半/差' for hours/minutes.

- 年、月、日、星期表示法

- 钟点表示法

ตัวอย่าง (8)

2020年12月25日

December 25, 2020

七月十号

July 10th

星期一星期二星期三星期四星期五星期六星期日/星期天

Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday

两点（2:00）