⋯⋯ ，乃至⋯⋯
Penjelasan
“乃至”用于表示递进关系，连接前后成分，强调后者在程度、范围或数量上比前者更进一步，常译为“甚至”或“一直到”。
"乃至" is used to express a progressive relationship, connecting preceding and following elements to emphasize that the latter goes further in degree, scope, or quantity than the former, often translated as "even" or "all the way to".
Contoh
他的脸色、眼神，乃至一举一动，都被别人看得清清楚楚。
His complexion, gaze, and even every single movement were clearly observed by others.
他熟悉北京，也熟悉巴黎，乃至全世界。
He is familiar with Beijing, and also with Paris, and even the entire world.
Tata Bahasa Terkait
别说⋯⋯，连⋯⋯ 也/都⋯⋯; 连⋯⋯ 也/都⋯⋯ ，别说⋯⋯; 别说⋯⋯ ，即使⋯⋯即使⋯⋯ 也⋯⋯ ，别说⋯⋯HSK 7七-九094
句子的类型 · 递进复句
这些结构用于表达递进关系，强调某种情况或程度之极端，连更基本的对象都难以达到，更不用说其他情况。通过对比不同层次的对象或条件，突出主句所述情况的严重性或特殊性。
These structures express progressive relationships, emphasizing extreme situations or degrees where even more basic subjects cannot meet the standard, let alone others. By contrasting different levels of subjects or conditions, they highlight the severity or particularity of the main statement.
Contoh (4)
别说是大学生了，连小学生都比他写得好。
Not even college students can write as well as him; even elementary school students do better.
我现在穷得连饭也吃不起了，别说买新衣服了。
I'm so poor now that I can't even afford meals, let alone new clothes.
别说爸爸，即使是老师，也说不出这种植物的名字。
Not even Dad, even the teacher, can name this plant.
即使是稍微有钱的家庭，也禁不住她这么花钱，别说普通家庭了。
Even slightly wealthy families can't withstand her spending like this, let alone ordinary families.
⋯⋯，何况⋯⋯HSK 7七—九095
句子的类型 · 递进复句
表示在已有理由的基础上，进一步提出更明显或更重要的理由，以加强语气或论证结论，常用于反问或强调。
Used to introduce an additional, often more obvious or significant reason that reinforces a previous statement or conclusion, frequently used in rhetorical questions or for emphasis.
Contoh (2)
我不道歉，何况根本不是我的错！
I'm not apologizing, let alone because it wasn't my fault in the first place!
这道菜做起来很花时间的，何况今天顾客那么多。
This dish takes a lot of time to prepare, and on top of that, there are so many customers today.
⋯⋯，进而⋯⋯HSK 7七—九096
句子的类型 · 递进复句
表示在已经做了某件事的基础上，进一步做另一件事，表示递进关系。
Indicates that after doing one thing, one proceeds to do another, showing a progressive relationship.
Contoh (2)
只有在这样的国家里，教师才能充分发展，进而保护他自己和公共利益。
Only in such a country can teachers fully develop, and subsequently protect both themselves and the public interest.
遇到困难不要回避，挺起身来向它挑战，进而战胜它。
When facing difficulties, don't avoid them; stand up and challenge them, and then proceed to overcome them.
⋯⋯，况且HSK 7七—九097
句子的类型 · 递进复句
“况且”是表示递进关系的连词，用于在已有理由的基础上补充另一个更重要的理由，以加强论证或解释。
"况且" is a conjunction that introduces an additional, often stronger, reason to reinforce a previous argument or explanation.
Contoh (2)
北京这么大，况且你又是第一次来，怎么能一下子就找到我家呢？
Beijing is so big, and moreover, this is your first time here—how could you possibly find my place right away?
那时天已经黑了，况且人又坐在车上，肯定看不清楚。
It was already dark at that time, and besides, the person was sitting in a vehicle, so it was definitely impossible to see clearly.
连⋯⋯，更不用说⋯⋯HSK 7七—九098
句子的类型 · 递进复句
「连……更不用说……」用于递进复句，表示前项的情况都不成立，后项更不可能发生。
This structure is used in progressive complex sentences to emphasize that if even the first scenario is impossible, the second one is even less likely.
Contoh (3)
连他都不会，更不用说我了。
Even he can't do it, let alone me.
我连上次的考试都没通过，更不用说这次的了。
I didn't even pass the last exam, let alone this one.
他连这几个字都不会写，更不用说写篇作文了。
He can't even write these few characters, let alone write an essay.
⋯⋯ ，且⋯⋯HSK 7七ー九100
句子的类型 · 递进复句
“且”作为连词表示递进关系，相当于“并且”“而且”，用于连接两个相关但程度递进的成分，强调后者是对前者的补充或深化，常用于书面语中。
"且" functions as a conjunction indicating progressive relationship, equivalent to "and" or "furthermore", used to connect two related elements where the latter adds to or intensifies the former, commonly used in formal writing.
Contoh (2)
他办事严谨而认真，且十分负责，获得了领导的信任。
He handles matters meticulously and seriously, and is also highly responsible, earning the trust of his superiors.
这一条街又脏又乱，总是很潮湿，且一年四季总不免有种古怪气味。
This street is dirty and messy, always damp, and throughout the year it inevitably has a strange smell.