HSK 4
75 grammar points能愿动词：得HSK 4四01
词类 · 动词
能愿动词“得”表示必须、需要或不得不，表达客观上的必要性或义务。
The modal verb 'děi' expresses necessity, need, or obligation, indicating that something must be done due to objective circumstances.
Examples (3)
今天下课我得早点儿回家。
After class today, I have to go home a bit earlier.
时间不早了，我得回家了。
It's getting late; I have to go home now.
你再忙也得好好吃饭啊！
No matter how busy you are, you must eat properly!
人称代词：人家HSK 4四02
词类 · 代词
“人家”作为人称代词，通常指代“别人”或“他人”，用于比较或提及他人；在特定语境下（如撒娇或委屈语气）也可指代说话者自己。
The pronoun '人家' typically refers to 'others' or 'other people' for comparison or mentioning others; in specific contexts (e.g., with a coquettish or aggrieved tone), it can also refer to the speaker themselves.
Examples (3)
人家也是为你好啊。
I'm doing this for your own good.
人家现在有困难，咱们应该帮他。
Someone else is in trouble now; we should help them.
你看人家经常锻炼，身体多好。
Look at how well others exercise; their health is so good.
名量词：打、袋、根、卷、棵、批HSK 4四03
词类 · 量词
这些量词用于修饰不同类别的名词：'打'表示成组（通常12个），'袋'表示装在袋子里，'根'用于长条状物体，'卷'用于卷状物品，'棵'用于植物，'批'用于成批的人或物。
These classifiers modify different types of nouns: '打' indicates a group (usually 12), '袋' means in a bag, '根' is for long thin objects, '卷' is for rolled items, '棵' is for plants, and '批' is for batches of people or things.
Examples (1)
一打啤酒 一袋米 一根头发 一卷纸 一棵树 一批学生
a dozen beers, a bag of rice, a hair, a roll of paper, a tree, a batch of students
借用量词HSK 4四04
词类 · 量词
借用量词是指借用名词或动词作为量词来计量人或物，常见于口语表达中。名量词如“碗”“脸”“手”等表示容器或部位，动量词如“刀”“针”等表示动作次数。
Borrowed classifiers are nouns or verbs used as measure words to quantify people or things, commonly found in colloquial expressions. Nominal classifiers like "bowl", "face", "hand" indicate containers or body parts, while verbal classifiers like "knife", "needle" indicate action counts.
- 名量词：碗、脸、手、屋子、桌子
- 动量词：刀、针
Examples (2)
一碗汤 一脸水 一手油 一屋子人 一桌子书
A bowl of soup, a face full of water, hands covered in oil, a room full of people, a table full of books
切两刀 打一针
Cut twice with a knife, get an injection
程度副词：格外、极、极其HSK 4四05
词类 · 副词
这三个词都是程度副词，用于修饰形容词或动词，表示程度。'格外'表示程度超过一般，特别；'极'表示程度达到最高点，非常；'极其'表示程度非常深，极、非常。
These three words are all degree adverbs used to modify adjectives or verbs, indicating degree. '格外' means the degree is beyond normal, exceptionally; '极' means the degree reaches the highest point, extremely; '极其' means the degree is very deep, extremely.
Examples (3)
老师今天格外开心。
The teacher is exceptionally happy today.
这些字极小，我都看不清楚。
These characters are extremely small; I can't even see them clearly.
校长是一个极其负责的人。
The principal is an extremely responsible person.
范围、协同副词：共HSK 4四06
词类 · 副词
副词“共”用于表示总括、合计，强调事物的总数或总量，通常放在动词或数量词前面。
The adverb '共' is used to express a total or sum, emphasizing the total number or amount of something, and is typically placed before a verb or a number.
Examples (2)
共有三十人出席会议。
A total of thirty people attended the meeting.
这本书共十五课。
This book has fifteen lessons in total.
时间副词：按时、即将、急忙、渐渐、尽快HSK 4四07
词类 · 副词
这些时间副词用来修饰动词，表示动作发生的时间、速度或方式。'按时'表示按规定时间；'即将'表示将要发生；'急忙'表示匆忙地；'渐渐'表示逐渐地；'尽快'表示尽可能快地。
These time adverbs modify verbs to indicate the timing, speed, or manner of an action. '按时' means on time; '即将' means about to; '急忙' means in a hurry; '渐渐' means gradually; '尽快' means as soon as possible.
Examples (5)
你要按时吃药。
You should take medicine on time.
同学们即将毕业。
The students are about to graduate.
快上课了，他急忙跑进教室。
Class is about to start, so he hurriedly ran into the classroom.
春天来了，天气渐渐暖和起来。
Spring has come, and the weather is gradually getting warmer.
你尽快给他回个电话。
You should call him back as soon as possible.
频率、重复副词：一再、再三HSK 4四08
词类 · 副词
“一再”和“再三”均表示动作的重复发生，强调次数多。'一再'侧重客观陈述重复行为，'再三'则带有主观强调或无奈意味。
Both '一再' and '再三' indicate repeated actions, with '一再' emphasizing objective repetition and '再三' conveying subjective emphasis or frustration.
Examples (2)
他一再表示自己不会出席这次会议。
He repeatedly stated that he would not attend this meeting.
我再三解释，他还是不相信。
I tried explaining multiple times, but he still didn't believe me.
关联副词：却HSK 4四09
词类 · 副词
“却”是表示转折的关联副词，用于连接两个分句，强调后一分句与前一分句在逻辑上形成对比或反差。
"却" is a conjunctive adverb indicating contrast, used to link two clauses and emphasize that the second clause presents a contrast or unexpected result compared to the first.
Examples (2)
我来了，他却没来。
I came, but he didn't.
同学们都出去活动了，他却坐在教室里面不动。
All the classmates went out to do activities, but he sat in the classroom without moving.
否定副词：未必HSK 4四10
词类 · 副词
‘未必’表示事情不一定如此，用于否定某种可能性，语气较委婉。
'Wei bi' means 'not necessarily' or 'may not', used to express that something is not certain, with a slightly more formal or gentle tone.
Examples (2)
这个消息未必可靠，咱们再等等吧。
This news may not be reliable; let's wait a bit longer.
别等了，他未必会来。
Don't wait; he may not come.
情态副词：几乎、似乎HSK 4四11
词类 · 副词
几乎表示接近某种状态或程度但尚未完全达到，相当于“差不多”；似乎表示推测或不确定，相当于“好像”“看起来”。
几乎 means 'almost' or 'nearly,' indicating something is close to a state but not quite there. 似乎 means 'seem' or 'appear,' expressing uncertainty or speculation.
Examples (2)
他的话我几乎都没听懂。
I almost didn't understand any of what he said.
她似乎对自己的表现很不满意。
She seems to be very dissatisfied with her performance.
语气副词：的确、反而、竟然、究竟HSK 4四12
词类 · 副词
语气副词用于表达说话人的态度、情感或语气。'的确'表示确认事实；'反而'表示与预期相反；'竟然'表示出乎意料；'究竟'用于疑问句加强追问语气。
Modal adverbs express the speaker's attitude, emotion, or tone. '的确' confirms a fact; '反而' indicates the opposite of expectation; '竟然' expresses surprise; '究竟' strengthens questioning in interrogative sentences.
Examples (5)
这的确是我的错。
This is indeed my fault.
风不但没停，反而越来越大。
The wind didn't stop; instead, it got even stronger.
他还真有办法，问题马上就解决了。
He really has some ways; the problem was solved right away.
这道题很简单，同学们竟然都做错了。
This question is very simple, yet all the students got it wrong.
明天的晚会你究竟去不去？
Are you going to tomorrow's party or not?
自HSK 4四13
词类 · 引出时间、处所
介词“自”用于引出时间或处所的起点，相当于“从”，常与“以来”“起”等搭配表示从某时开始，或表示从某地出发。
The preposition '自' is used to indicate the starting point of time or location, equivalent to 'from'. It often pairs with '以来' or '起' to express 'since' a certain time, or to indicate departure from a certain place.
Examples (2)
自1978年以来，中国发生了很大的变化。
Since 1978, China has undergone significant changes.
我们的航班准时自北京出发。
Our flight departs on time from Beijing.
对于HSK 4四14
词类 · 引出对象
“对于”是一个介词，用来引出动作、行为或判断所涉及的对象、范围或方面，表示“关于”、“就……而言”或“对……来说”的意思。
"对于" is a preposition used to introduce the object, scope, or aspect involved in an action, behavior, or judgment, meaning "regarding," "concerning," or "as for."
Examples (3)
对于任何一种语言来说，文字的出现都是十分重要的。
For any language, the emergence of written characters is extremely important.
对于美术和音乐，她很有研究。
She is very knowledgeable about art and music.
对于这个问题，我们还得认真讨论。
We still need to discuss this issue seriously.
关于HSK 4四15
词类 · 引出对象
介词“关于”用于引出话题或对象，表示涉及的内容或范围。
The preposition '关于' is used to introduce a topic or object, indicating the content or scope involved.
Examples (3)
我读了几本关于环境保护的书。
I read a few books about environmental protection.
关于明天的考试，学校做了具体的规定。
Regarding tomorrow's exam, the school has made specific regulations.
这是一部关于战争的电影。
This is a movie about war.
替HSK 4四16
词类 · 引出对象
‘替’是介词，用于引出动作的受益者或替代对象，表示‘为……’或‘代替……’的意思。
'替' is a preposition used to introduce the beneficiary or substitute of an action, meaning 'for' or 'on behalf of'.
Examples (2)
你别替我担心了，我自己处理。
Don't worry about me; I'll take care of it myself.
取得这么好的成绩，大家都替你感到高兴。
Everyone is so happy for you on achieving such great results.
根据HSK 4四17
词类 · 引出凭借、依据
“根据”用于引出行动、判断或结论所依据的事实、意见、条件等，表示以某事物作为基础或依据。
Used to indicate that an action, judgment, or conclusion is based on a specific fact, opinion, or condition.
Examples (2)
学校根据学生的中文水平分班。
The school divides students into classes based on their Chinese proficiency.
根据大家的意见，我们修改了计划。
Based on everyone's opinions, we revised the plan.
作为HSK 4四18
词类 · 引出凭借、依据
“作为”用于引出某人或某物所扮演的角色、身份或依据，表示以某种资格或地位进行某事。
Used to introduce the role, identity, or basis of someone or something, indicating acting in a specific capacity or status.
Examples (2)
他作为教师代表参加了这次会议。
He attended this meeting as a representative of the teachers.
作为学生，你应该按时完成作业。
As a student, you should finish your homework on time.
连接词或词组：并、以及HSK 4四19
词类 · 连词
“并”用于连接动词或形容词，表示并列的动作或状态；“以及”用于连接名词或名词短语，表示并列列举关系。
‘并’ connects verbs or adjectives to indicate parallel actions/states; ‘以及’ links nouns or noun phrases for enumeration.
Examples (2)
他们同意并支持我们的建议。
They agree and support our proposal.
小王、小李以及另外三名同学都通过了考试。
Xiao Wang, Xiao Li, as well as three other classmates all passed the exam.
连接分句或句子：此外、而、而是、既然、可见、甚至、假如、总之HSK 4四20
词类 · 连词
这些连词用于连接分句或句子，表示递进、转折、因果、总结等逻辑关系，使句子结构更紧密、逻辑更清晰。
These conjunctions connect clauses or sentences to express logical relationships such as progression, contrast, causality, or summary, making the sentence structure more cohesive and the logic clearer.
Examples (4)
我们要认真听讲，此外还要积极完成作业。
We should listen carefully in class, and in addition, actively complete assignments.
为什么北方下雪越来越少，而南方下雪越来越多？
Why is there less and less snow in the north, while there is more and more snow in the south?
听说重要，读写也很重要，总之，这四项能力都很重要。
Listening and speaking are important, reading and writing are also important; in short, all four skills are crucial.
（“而是、既然、可见、甚至、假如”例句参见复句部分）
("而shi, ji ran, ke jian, shen zhi, jia ru" examples refer to the complex sentence section).
其他助词：似的HSK 4四21
词类 · 助词
助词'似的'用于表示比喻或相似关系，常与'像/跟'搭配使用，强调两者在外观、性质或状态上的相似性。
The particle '似的' is used to express simile or similarity, typically paired with '像/跟', emphasizing resemblance in appearance, quality, or state.
Examples (3)
她俩好像从来没见过似的。
They look as if they've never met before.
这里的景色像画儿似的。
The scenery here is like a painting.
他的中文说得跟中国人似的。
He speaks Chinese as if he were a native speaker.
啊HSK 4四22
词类 · 叹词
叹词“啊”用于表达惊讶、赞叹、醒悟或引起注意等强烈情感。
The interjection 'a' is used to express strong emotions such as surprise, admiration, realization, or to call attention.
Examples (3)
啊，你怎么在这里？
Ah, how come you are here?
啊，我明白了。
Ah, I understand now.
啊！太美了！
Ah! It's so beautiful!
大A大BHSK 4四23
短语 · 四字格
大A大B是汉语中常见的四字格结构，表示动作或状态的强度大、程度深，带有强调或夸张的意味。A和B通常是近义词或相关动词，共同强调某种行为或状态。
大A大B is a common four-character structure in Chinese that indicates a high intensity or degree of an action or state, often with an emphatic or exaggerated tone. A and B are usually near-synonyms or related verbs that together emphasize a certain behavior or condition.
Examples (2)
你这大吃大喝的毛病对身体不好，一定要改改。
Your habit of eating and drinking to excess is bad for your health—you really need to change it.
她心情不好，为一点儿小事就大吵大闹。
When she's in a bad mood, she'll make a huge scene over the smallest thing.
一A一BHSK 4四24
短语 · 四字格
“一A一B”结构用于强调每一部分或全部细节，表示“每一”或“原原本本”的意思，强调全面性或彻底性。
The '一A一B' structure is used to emphasize every part or all details, meaning 'every single' or 'in full detail,' highlighting comprehensiveness or thoroughness.
Examples (2)
这是别人的东西，我们一针一线都不能拿。
These are someone else's belongings; we cannot take even a single thread or needle from them.
他一五一十地把情况汇报给了老师。
He reported the situation to the teacher in full detail, leaving nothing out.
看来HSK 4四25
短语 · 其他
“看来”用于根据观察或已知信息做出推测或判断，表示说话人认为某事很可能如此。
"看来" is used to make a conjecture or judgment based on observation or known information, indicating that the speaker believes something is likely true.
Examples (3)
看来他是个好人。
It seems that he is a good person.
看来明天不会再下雨了。
It seems that it won't rain tomorrow.
看来这次考试他能通过。
It seems that he can pass this exam.
来得及/来不及HSK 4四26
短语 · 其他
“来得及”表示时间充足，有足够的时间做某事；“来不及”表示时间不够，没有足够的时间做某事。
‘来得及’ means there is enough time to do something; ‘来不及’ means there is not enough time to do something.
Examples (4)
你别着急，时间来得及。
Don't worry, there is still enough time.
现在刚六点半，你马上去还来得及。
It's only 6:30 now; if you go right away, you'll still make it in time.
来不及了，我们快走吧。
It's too late; let's hurry up.
时间还早，不会来不及的。
It's still early; we won't be too late.
说不定HSK 4四27
短语 · 其他
表示推测，意为“可能”、“也许”，用于表达不确定的判断或猜测。
Used to express speculation or uncertainty, meaning 'maybe' or 'possibly'.
Examples (3)
下雨了，说不定他今天不来了。
It's raining, so he might not come today.
这件事说不定就是他干的。
This might have been done by him.
今年能不能去中国现在还说不定。
Whether we can go to China this year is still uncertain.
一般来说HSK 4四28
短语 · 其他
“一般来说”用于表示普遍情况或一般规律，引出通常的情况但不排除例外。“一+量词+比+一+量词”结构表示程度逐渐加深，强调随着数量或次数的增加，某种性质或状态也在增强。
"Generally speaking" is used to indicate a general rule or common situation, introducing what is typically the case while allowing for exceptions. The "one [measure word] + 比 + one [measure word]" structure expresses a progressive increase in degree, emphasizing that a quality or state becomes stronger as the quantity or frequency increases.
Examples (7)
一般来说，选手参加了比赛是不能退出的。
Generally speaking, once a contestant has entered the competition, they cannot withdraw.
一般来说，这么重要的场合他是不会迟到的。
Generally speaking, he would not be late for such an important occasion.
一般来说，跟青年人相比，老年人的经验更丰富。
Generally speaking, compared with young people, older people have more experience.
【四29］一+量词+比+一+量词
【Grade 4, Item 29] The structure "one [measure word] + 比 + one [measure word]"
这些球鞋一双比一双好看。
These sneakers are more and more attractive, one pair after another.
他的演出一次比一次精彩。
His performances become more and more wonderful with each one.
天气一天比一天暖和。
The weather gets warmer and warmer day by day.
（自）⋯⋯以来HSK 4四30
短语 · 其他
表示从某个时间点开始持续到现在的动作或状态，常与'一直'等词搭配使用。
Indicates an action or state that started at a specific time and continues to the present, often used with words like '一直'.
Examples (3)
自去年以来，我一直生活在北京。
Since last year, I have been living in Beijing.
上大学以来，他一直坚持学习中文。
Since entering university, he has continued to study Chinese consistently.
自有了孩子以来，她每天都很忙。
Since having a child, she has been busy every day.
由⋯⋯组成HSK 4四31
短语 · 其他
用于说明某事物由哪些部分或元素构成，结构为'由+组成部分+组成'
Used to describe what something consists of, followed by the components or elements that make it up.
Examples (3)
我们班由两位老师和二十位学生组成。
Our class consists of two teachers and twenty students.
这篇文章由三个部分组成。
This article is composed of three parts.
这张试卷是由十道选择题和一道写作题组成的。
This exam paper is made up of ten multiple-choice questions and one writing task.
在⋯⋯方面HSK 4四32
短语 · 其他
表示在某个特定的领域、范围或角度，用于引出话题的范围，说明某人在某方面有某种能力、知识、经验或特征。
Used to indicate a specific field, area, or aspect regarding someone's ability, knowledge, or characteristics.
Examples (3)
在这方面，我没有什么经验。
In this aspect, I don't have much experience.
在历史方面，他知道得很多。
He knows a lot about history.
在修理电脑方面，她是个专家。
She is an expert in repairing computers.
在⋯⋯上/下/中HSK 4四33
短语 · 其他
在⋯⋯上/下/中是汉语中常用的介词结构，分别表示在某个方面/基础上、在某种条件/影响下、在某个范围/过程中。
在⋯⋯上/下/中 is a common prepositional structure in Chinese, indicating 'on/in terms of' (上), 'under the condition/influence of' (下), and 'in the range/process of' (中) respectively.
Examples (3)
在这件事情上，最好多听听父母的意见
When it comes to this matter, it's best to listen more to your parents' opinions.
在他的影响下，我喜欢上了中文。
Under his influence, I fell in love with Chinese.
在这篇课文中，我们一共学了三十个生词。
In this lesson, we learned a total of thirty new words.
主谓短语作主语HSK 4四34
句子成分 · 主语
主谓短语作主语时，整个主谓结构充当句子的主语，后续成分是对该主语的陈述或说明。这种结构强调主语所描述的动作或状态本身的重要性、可能性或目的。
When a subject-predicate phrase functions as the subject, the entire clause serves as the sentence's subject, with subsequent elements describing its significance, feasibility, or purpose.
Examples (3)
他不去也可以。
Not going is also acceptable.
身体健康很重要。
Maintaining physical health is crucial.
我参加中文水平考试是为了获得奖学金去中国留学。
I'm taking the Chinese proficiency exam to secure a scholarship for studying in China.
受事主语HSK 4四35
句子成分 · 主语
受事主语是指句子中的主语是动作的承受者，而非动作的发出者。这种结构常用于强调动作的结果、状态或动作本身，常出现在“把”字句或被动句中。
A patient subject refers to a sentence structure where the subject is the receiver of the action rather than the doer. This structure is commonly used to emphasize the result, state, or the action itself, often appearing in 'ba' sentences or passive constructions.
Examples (3)
饭都吃光了。
The rice has all been eaten up.
作业我做完了。
I have finished my homework.
这本书我已经看过三遍了。
I have already read this book three times.
多项定语HSK 4四36
句子成分 · 定语
多项定语是指在一个名词前使用两个或以上的修饰语来描述该名词的特征、数量、颜色、材质等。中文多项定语的顺序通常遵循：领属/指代 + 数量 + 动词短语/介词短语 + 形容词/性质 + 名词。
Multiple attributives refer to using two or more modifiers before a noun to describe its characteristics, quantity, color, material, etc. In Chinese, the order of multiple attributives usually follows: possession/demonstrative + quantity + verb phrase/prepositional phrase + adjective/property + noun.
Examples (3)
我有一条漂亮的红围巾。
I have a beautiful red scarf.
我那两件白色长衬衫放在哪里了？
Where are those two white long shirts of mine?
那位戴着眼镜的白头发高个子老人就是我们的校长。
That tall white-haired old man wearing glasses is our principal.
趋向补语3HSK 4四37
句子成分 · 补语
趋向补语'上/出/起/下'附加在动词后，表示动作完成后的结果或状态变化。
The directional complements 'up/out/up/down' added after verbs indicate the result or state change after an action is completed.
- 表示结果意义（引申用法）：动词+上/出/起/下
Examples (5)
请同学们离开教室时关上窗户。
Please make sure to close the windows when leaving the classroom.
他向父母说出了自己的愿望。
He expressed his wish to his parents.
他终于想起了当时的情况。
He finally recalled the situation at that time.
他们建立起了亲密的朋友关系。
They have established a close friendship.
请留下你的地址和手机号。
Please leave your address and phone number.
“把”字句2：表处置HSK 4四38
句子的类型 · 特殊句型
“把”字句表处置时，主语通过动作对宾语进行直接处理或影响，动词后常带补语（如“一/了”、动量/时量补语）或重复动词，强调动作结果或方式。
The 把 structure indicates direct handling of an object by the subject, with verbs often followed by complements (e.g., 一/了, measure words) or repetition to emphasize the action's result or manner.
- 主语+把+宾语+动词（+一/了）+动词
- 主语+把+宾语（+给）+动词+了/着
- 主语+把+宾语+动词+动量补语/时量补语
Examples (9)
同学们再把试卷检查检查。
The students should check the test papers again.
你把地扫扫，我把桌子擦一擦。
You sweep the floor a bit, and I'll wipe the table.
他把冬天的衣服晒了晒，收在箱子里。
He dried the winter clothes in the sun and then stored them in a box.
他把学过的生词都忘了。
He forgot all the vocabulary words he had learned.
他拿不了了，你帮他把这些东西给拿着。
He can't carry it anymore. Could you help him hold these things?
你别忘了把护照带着。
Don't forget to bring your passport along.
老师把他批评了一顿。
The teacher gave him a thorough criticism.
他把文章读了好几遍。
He read the article several times.
他把这个问题认真地考虑了好几天。
He thought carefully about this problem for several days.
被动句2：主语+被+动词+其他成分HSK 4四39
句子的类型 · 特殊句型
被动句用于强调动作的承受者，结构为'主语+被+动词+其他成分'，表示主语受到某种动作的影响。
The passive structure emphasizes the receiver of an action using 'subject + 被 + verb + other components', indicating the subject undergoes an action.
Examples (3)
王老师被请去开会了。
Teacher Wang was invited to attend a meeting.
教室的灯早就被关上了。
The classroom lights were turned off long ago.
那张画儿被买走了。
That painting was bought and taken away.
存现句2HSK 4四40
句子的类型 · 特殊句型
存现句2用于描述某处出现或消失某人或某物。表示出现时，结构为：处所词+动词+趋向补语/结果补语+动态助词（了）+数量短语+人/物；表示消失时，结构为：处所词+动词+结果补语+动态助词（了）+数量短语+人/物。
This existential sentence structure describes the appearance or disappearance of people or things at a certain location. For appearance, the structure is: location + verb + directional/result complement + particle (le) + quantity phrase + person/thing. For disappearance, the structure is: location + verb + result complement + particle (le) + quantity phrase + person/thing.
- 表示出现：处所词+动词+趋向补语/结果补语+动态助词（了）+数量短语+人/物
- 表示消失：处所词+动词+结果补语+动态助词（了）+数量短语+人/物
Examples (8)
前边开来一辆车。
A car came driving up from ahead.
我家昨天来了几位客人，带了不少礼物。
Several guests came to my house yesterday, bringing quite a few gifts.
对面走来一位老人。
An old man walked over from the opposite side.
教室里走出来一位老师。
A teacher walked out of the classroom.
我们班里转走了一个学生。
One student transferred out of our class.
阳台上吹跑了一条裙子。
A skirt blew away from the balcony.
院子里搬走了两家人。
Two families moved out of the courtyard.
公司调走了几名员工。
Several employees were transferred out of the company.
兼语句2HSK 4四41
句子的类型 · 特殊句型
兼语句2包含两种结构：1) 主语通过表扬/批评表达对宾语1行为的认可或否定，宾语1的动作涉及宾语2；2) 主语通过称谓动词赋予宾语1特定身份或角色。
This structure has two patterns: 1) Subject expresses approval/disapproval of Object1's action toward Object2 via praise/criticism verbs; 2) Subject assigns identity/role to Object1 using naming/declaring verbs.
- 表爱憎义：主语+表扬/批评+宾语1+动词+宾语2
- 表称谓或认定义：主语+叫/称（呼）/说/收/选+宾语1+做/为/当/是+宾语2
Examples (6)
老师表扬他帮助同学。
The teacher praised him for helping his classmates.
妈妈总是批评我不整理房间。
My mother always criticizes me for not tidying my room.
大家都称他为先生。
Everyone calls him 'Mister'.
老师们都说她是好学生。
All the teachers say she is a good student.
王教授收我做研究生。
Professor Wang accepted me as a graduate student.
同学们都选他当班长。
The classmates all elected him as the class monitor.
“是⋯⋯的”句2：强调说话人的看法或态度HSK 4四42
句子的类型 · 特殊句型
“是⋯⋯的”结构用于强调说话人对某事的看法、态度或判断，通过“是”加强语气，表达确信或主观评价。
The '是⋯⋯的' structure is used to emphasize the speaker's opinion, attitude, or judgment, with '是' reinforcing the tone to express certainty or subjective evaluation.
Examples (3)
这个问题是可以解决的。
This problem is solvable.
这道题是很简单的。
This question is very simple.
那样的事情是绝对不会发生的。
Things like that will definitely not happen.
不是⋯⋯，而是⋯⋯HSK 4四43
句子的类型 · 并列复句
该结构用于否定前项并肯定后项，强调正确原因或事实，常用来澄清误解或纠正错误认知。
This structure denies the first part while affirming the second, emphasizing the correct reason or fact to clarify misunderstandings or correct errors.
Examples (3)
我不是不想去，而是没时间。
It's not that I don't want to go, but I don't have time.
这不是我的书，而是他的。
This book is not mine, but his.
这件事错的不是我，而是他。
The fault in this matter was not mine, but his.
既⋯⋯，又/也⋯⋯HSK 4四44
句子的类型 · 并列复句
这个结构用来表示某人或某物同时具有两种性质、情况或能力，"既"引出第一种情况，"又/也"引出第二种情况。
This structure is used to indicate that someone or something has two qualities, situations, or abilities simultaneously. "既" introduces the first situation, while "又/也" introduces the second.
Examples (3)
这件新衣服既好看，又暖和。
This new outfit is both good-looking and warm.
他既会学习，又会玩儿。
He is good at both studying and having fun.
他既是我们的老师，也是我们的朋友。
He is both our teacher and our friend.
首先⋯⋯，其次⋯⋯HSK 4四45
句子的类型 · 承接复句
该结构用于按顺序列举两个或多个要点，强调事项间的先后关系或重要性层次。
This structure is used to list two or more points in sequence, emphasizing the order or hierarchy of importance between items.
Examples (3)
首先我们要读一遍课文，其次我们要根据课文做一个练习。
First, we need to read through the text, and second, we should complete an exercise based on the text.
我们球队问题很多，首先是队员不够团结，其次是训练时间很短。
Our team has many issues: first, the players lack unity, and second, training time is very limited.
评价一个学生，首先看品质，其次看成绩。
When evaluating a student, we first consider their character, and second, their academic performance.
⋯⋯，于是⋯⋯HSK 4四46
句子的类型 · 承接复句
“……，于是……”用于承接前文所述情况，引出由此产生的自然结果或后续行动，体现因果关系或顺理成章的发展逻辑。
The structure '……, so……' connects a preceding situation with its natural consequence or subsequent action, indicating causality or logical progression.
Examples (3)
风停了，下起雨来，于是人们纷纷打起了雨伞。
The wind stopped, and it started raining, so people one after another put up their umbrellas.
他不喜欢这个工作，于是离开了这家公司。
He didn't like this job, so he left the company.
离开会的时间还早，于是我们去逛了逛书店。
It was still early before the meeting, so we went to browse around a bookstore.
⋯⋯，甚至⋯⋯HSK 4四47
句子的类型 · 递进复句
该结构用于表示前后分句之间存在递进关系，后句通过'甚至'强调比前句更极端或更意外的情况，突出程度或范围的加深。
This structure indicates a progressive relationship between clauses, with 'even' emphasizing that the latter situation is more extreme or unexpected than the former, highlighting increased degree or scope.
Examples (3)
他什么都不会，甚至连最简单的汉字也写不了。
He can't do anything, even unable to write the simplest Chinese characters.
她病得很严重，甚至要做手术。
She is seriously ill, even requiring surgery.
妈妈真的很生气，甚至晚饭都没有吃。
Mom was so angry that she didn't even have dinner.
或者⋯⋯，或者⋯⋯HSK 4四48
句子的类型 · 选择复句
用于连接两个或多个并列的选择项，表示在这些选项中必须或可以做出选择。
Used to connect two or more parallel options, indicating that a choice must or can be made among them.
Examples (3)
这件事或者赶快停止，或者重新开始。
This matter must either stop immediately or start over.
暑假或者去上海，或者去杭州，反正得出去旅行。
During the summer vacation, I'll either go to Shanghai or Hangzhou; I just have to go traveling.
咱们三个人，或者你去，或者我去，或者他去，谁去都可以。
Among the three of us, either you go, or I go, or he goes; whoever goes is fine.
⋯⋯， 然而⋯⋯HSK 4四49
句子的类型 · 转折复句
“然而”表示转折关系，连接前后意思相反或相对的分句，语气比“但是”稍显正式，常用于书面语或较正式的口语表达。
However is used to express a contrast or contradiction between two clauses, similar to 'but' but slightly more formal, often used in written language or formal speech.
Examples (2)
我知道中文很有用，然而中文也太难了。
I know Chinese is very useful, however, Chinese is also too difficult.
他说他不喜欢这部电影，然而我觉得很有意思。
He said he didn't like this movie, however, I think it's very interesting.
⋯⋯，否则⋯⋯HSK 4四50
句子的类型 · 假设复句
用于表达必须采取某种行动，否则会产生负面后果的假设复句结构。
Used to express a conditional relationship where failure to take a required action will lead to negative consequences.
Examples (3)
我要认真复习，否则考试会不及格的。
I need to review seriously, otherwise I’ll fail the exam.
记得带卡，否则进不了办公室。
Remember to bring your card, otherwise you won’t be able to enter the office.
上课前一定要预习好生词和课文，否则就听不懂老师讲的。
You must preview the new words and text before class, otherwise you won’t understand what the teacher says.
假如⋯⋯，（就）⋯⋯HSK 4四51
句子的类型 · 假设复句
该结构用于表达假设条件及其可能结果，'假如'引导假设条件分句，主句常用'就'连接结果（可省略）。
This structure expresses hypothetical conditions and their potential outcomes. '假如' introduces the condition clause, while the main clause typically uses '就' to connect the result (which can be omitted).
Examples (2)
假如有困难，你一定要告诉我。
If you encounter difficulties, you must tell me.
假如能通过这个考试，我就可以拿到学校的奖学金了。
If I can pass this exam, I would be able to receive the school's scholarship.
万一⋯⋯，（就）⋯⋯HSK 4四52
句子的类型 · 假设复句
该结构用于假设某种可能发生但不太理想的情况，并提前说明应对措施。'万一'引出假设条件，'就'连接对应的结果或建议。
This structure is used to propose contingency plans for unlikely but possible situations. '万一' introduces the hypothetical condition, while '就' connects the corresponding response or suggestion.
Examples (2)
万一我没来，你就自己先去吧。
In case I don't show up, you should go ahead by yourself.
一定要把你们的护照带上，万一需要，没带就麻烦了。
Make sure to bring your passports. In case they're needed, not having them would cause trouble.
不管⋯⋯，都/也⋯⋯HSK 4四53
句子的类型 · 条件复句
表示无论条件如何变化，结果或行动都不会改变，强调结果的必然性或行动的坚定性。
Indicates that regardless of the condition, the result or action remains unchanged, emphasizing the inevitability of the result or the firmness of the action.
Examples (2)
不管明天是否下雨，我都要去看他。
No matter whether it rains tomorrow or not, I will still go to see him.
不管有多难，我也会坚持学下去。
No matter how difficult it is, I will persist in studying.
无论⋯⋯，者15/也⋯⋯HSK 4四54
句子的类型 · 条件复句
表示在任何条件下结果都不会改变，强调无条件的让步关系。
Indicates that the result remains unchanged regardless of any condition, emphasizing an unconditional concession.
Examples (2)
无论学习多么紧张，我都坚持每天锻炼一个小时。
No matter how busy my studies are, I still insist on exercising for an hour every day.
无论他怎么说，也没有人相信他。
No matter what he says, no one believes him.
既然⋯⋯，就⋯⋯HSK 4四55
句子的类型 · 因果复句
表示因果关系，前一分句提出已知事实或前提，后一分句据此得出结论或做出决定。
Expresses cause-and-effect relationship, where the first clause presents a known fact or premise, and the second clause draws a conclusion or makes a decision based on it.
Examples (2)
既然这事你已经决定了，我就不说什么了。
Since you've already decided on this matter, I won't say anything more.
既然外面下雨了，我们就明天再去吧。
Since it's raining outside, let's go again tomorrow.
⋯⋯ ，可见 ⋯⋯HSK 4四56
句子的类型 · 因果复句
这个结构用于从已知的事实或现象中推断出结论，'可见'表示'由此可以看出'或'可以推断出'。
This structure is used to draw a conclusion from known facts or phenomena. '可见' means 'it can be seen from this' or 'one can infer that'.
Examples (2)
他的中文水平很高，可见他在留学期间学习是多么努力。
His Chinese proficiency is very high, which clearly shows how hard he studied during his time abroad.
他在我困难的时候一直帮助我，可见他是我多么好的朋友。
He has always helped me when I was in difficulty, which demonstrates what a good friend he is.
哪怕 ⋯⋯ ，也/还 ⋯⋯HSK 4四57
句子的类型 · 让步复句
这个结构表示即使存在某种困难、不利条件或假设情况，主句中的动作或状态仍然会发生或保持不变。
This structure expresses that even if there is a difficulty, unfavorable condition, or hypothetical situation, the action or state in the main clause will still occur or remain unchanged.
Examples (3)
哪怕明天下雨，足球比赛也要继续进行。
Even if it rains tomorrow, the football match will still continue.
哪怕再难，我也要坚持学下去。
No matter how difficult it gets, I will still persist in studying.
哪怕机会不大，我还是要去试一试。
Even if the chances are slim, I still want to give it a try.
⋯⋯，好⋯⋯HSK 4四58
句子的类型 · 目的复句
这个结构用于表达目的关系，'好'相当于'以便'或'为了'，连接表示手段的前句和表示目的的后句。
This structure expresses a purpose relationship, where '好' functions like 'so that' or 'in order to', connecting a preceding clause indicating means/method with a following clause indicating purpose.
Examples (3)
老师布置了听写作业，好帮助学生练习汉字。
The teacher assigned a listening and writing assignment to help students practice Chinese characters.
我们应该不断地引导他，好让他对自己有信心。
We should continuously guide him so that he can gain confidence in himself.
她每天都给家里打电话，好让父母放心。
She calls home every day to reassure her parents.
无标记HSK 4四59
句子的类型 · 紧缩复句
无标记紧缩复句是由两个分句直接组合而成的紧缩复句，中间没有关联词语连接，但两个分句之间存在条件、因果、让步等逻辑关系。
Unmarked compressed compound sentences consist of two clauses directly combined without connective words, but there is a logical relationship (such as condition, cause-effect, concession) between the two clauses.
Examples (3)
你有事你先走。
If you have something to do, you can go first.
你不怕我怕。
Even if you're not afraid, I am.
你想去你去。
If you want to go, you can go.
不⋯⋯也⋯⋯HSK 4四60
句子的类型 · 紧缩复句
表示即使前项条件不成立，后项动作仍会发生，强调决心或必要性
Indicates that even if the first condition is not met, the second action will still occur, emphasizing determination or necessity
Examples (3)
今天晚上我不睡觉也要把这篇作文写完。
Even if I don't sleep tonight, I'll finish this essay.
他不吃饭也要帮我修电脑。
Even if he doesn't eat, he'll help me fix the computer.
他不休息也要玩儿手机游戏。
Even if he doesn't rest, he'll still play mobile games.
概数表示法3：数词+来+量词HSK 4四61
特殊表达法 · 数的表示法
"数词+来+量词"表示大概的数量，"来"相当于"左右/大约"，表示比该数略多或略少。
"Numeral + 来 + measure word" indicates an approximate quantity, where "来" is equivalent to "about/around", meaning slightly more or less than the stated number.
Examples (1)
十来本 五十来斤 一百来辆
around ten books, about fifty jin, approximately one hundred vehicles
小数、分数、百分数、倍数的表示法HSK 4四62
特殊表达法 · 数的表示法
小数、分数、百分数和倍数是汉语中表达数量的重要方式。小数用'零点几'表示，分数用'几分之几'表示，百分数用'百分之几'表示，倍数用'几倍'表示。
Decimals, fractions, percentages, and multiples are important ways to express quantities in Chinese. Decimals are expressed as '零点几', fractions as '几分之几', percentages as '百分之几', and multiples as '几倍'.
Examples (4)
零点三 三分之二 百分之五十 五倍
0.3, two-thirds, 50%, five times
这一百个汉字，我认识三分之二。
Out of these 100 Chinese characters, I know two-thirds.
这支笔的价格比原来降低了百分之五十。
The price of this pen has decreased by 50% compared to the original price.
三班男生人数是女生人数的三倍。
In Class 3, the number of boys is three times that of girls.
用反问句表示强调HSK 4四63
强调的方法
由疑问代词（谁、哪儿、怎么等）构成的反问句用来表示强调，实际上不期待回答，而是表达确定的意思。这种句式通过反问的形式加强语气，强调某种观点或事实。
Rhetorical questions formed with interrogative pronouns (谁, 哪儿, 怎么, etc.) are used to express emphasis, not to expect an answer but to convey a definite meaning. This structure strengthens the tone through rhetorical questioning, emphasizing a certain viewpoint or fact.
- 反问句2：由疑问代词构成的反问句
Examples (3)
他这么有名，谁不知道啊？
He's so famous, who doesn't know him?
他去哪儿，我怎么会知道呢？
Where he went, how would I know?
作业这么多，我哪儿有时间出去玩儿？
With so much homework, where would I possibly have time to go out and play?
用双重否定表示强调HSK 4四64
强调的方法
双重否定通过否定词叠加来加强肯定语气，比直接肯定更强调事物必然性或普遍性。
Double negation uses stacked negative words to strengthen affirmative meaning, emphasizing inevitability or universality more than direct affirmation.
Examples (4)
没有孩子不喜欢玩儿。
No child dislikes playing.
这么重要的活动我不可能不参加。
I cannot possibly not attend such an important event.
老师不会不答应我们的请求。
The teacher will not fail to agree to our request.
我们家没有不喜欢唱歌的。
No one in our family dislikes singing.
用“一+量词（+名词）+也（都）/也没（不）⋯⋯”表示强调HSK 4四65
强调的方法
该结构用于强调数量极少或完全没有，表示“连一个/一点……都不/没……”。
This structure is used to emphasize the absence or extremely small quantity of something, meaning 'not even one...'.
Examples (4)
我一本中文书也没看过。
I haven't read even a single Chinese book.
我累得一步路都走不动了。
I'm so tired that I can't even take a step.
上海我一次也没去过。
I've never been to Shanghai even once.
刚来中国时，他一句中文也听不懂。
When he first came to China, he couldn't understand a single word of Chinese.
用 "连⋯⋯也/都⋯⋯”表示强调HSK 4四66
强调的方法
‘连⋯⋯也/都⋯⋯’结构用于强调某种情况达到极端程度，表示连最基础或最不可能的事物都如此，突出程度之深。
The structure 'even... also/all...' is used to emphasize that even the most basic or least likely case is true, highlighting the extreme degree or extent.
Examples (2)
他连这个作家的名字也没听说过。
He hasn't even heard of this writer's name.
我连最简单的汉字都写不出来。
I can't even write the simplest Chinese characters.
不X白不XHSK 4四67
强调的方法
该结构用于强调某种行为是合理的，因为如果不这样做就会白白浪费机会或资源。
This structure emphasizes that taking a certain action is reasonable because failing to do so would mean wasting an opportunity or resource.
Examples (2)
今天班长请客，咱们不吃白不吃。
Today the class monitor is treating us, so we might as well eat.
这个电影是免费的，我们为什么不去看电影？不看白不看。
This movie is free—why don't we go watch it? We might as well watch it.
动词+一X是一XHSK 4四68
强调的方法
该结构强调以渐进、持续的方式完成动作，体现'尽力而为'或'逐步积累'的语义。
This structure emphasizes completing actions in a gradual, step-by-step manner, expressing the idea of 'doing one's best' or 'accumulating progress'.
Examples (3)
虽然日子过得很难，但也不能过一天是一天。
Even though life is tough, we shouldn't just take it one day at a time.
事情实在太多了，能做一件是一件吧。
There are simply too many tasks; let's do one thing at a time.
做一道题是一道题，你一定能做完。
Solve one problem at a time, and you'll definitely finish them all.
（没）有什么（好）X的HSK 4四69
强调的方法
该结构用于表达某种情绪或行为是不必要的、不值得的。常用于安慰或劝解他人，表示无需为此感到激动、害怕或难过。
This structure is used to express that a certain emotion or action is unnecessary or not worth it. It is often used to comfort or advise others, indicating there is no need to feel excited, afraid, or sad about it.
Examples (3)
这才刚刚开始，没有什么好激动的。
This is just the beginning; there's nothing to get excited about.
你还是别担心了，有什么好害怕的。
You'd better not worry; what is there to be afraid of?
有什么好难过的，这是我们早就想到的结果。
What is there to be sad about? This is a result we expected long ago.
X是X，Y是YHSK 4四70
强调的方法
该结构通过重复主语和判断词，强调两个事物或情况的本质区别，要求明确区分不同对象或状态。
This structure emphasizes the fundamental differences between two entities or situations by repeating the subject and copula, requiring clear distinction between different objects or states.
Examples (3)
一是一，二是二，这要分清楚。
One is one, and two is two; this must be clearly distinguished.
他是他，我是我，意见不同很正常。
He is he, and I am I; it's normal for us to have different opinions.
昨天是昨天，今天是今天，你得交作业。
Yesterday was yesterday, and today is today; you need to hand in your homework.
X也得X，不X也得XHSK 4四71
强调的方法
这个结构用于强调某件事无论如何都必须做，表示没有选择的余地。
This structure is used to emphasize that something must be done regardless of one's will, indicating there is no choice.
Examples (3)
这件事很重要，你做也得做，不做也得做。
This matter is very important; whether you do it or not, you have to do it.
你吃也得吃，不吃也得吃，不能浪费粮食。
You have to eat it whether you want to or not; we cannot waste food.
都病成这样了，医院你去也得去，不去也得去。
You're this sick; you have to go to the hospital whether you want to or not.
X就是了HSK 4四72
强调的方法
表示建议或解决方案，强调只需采取某个简单行动即可解决问题。
Used to suggest or offer a solution, emphasizing that only a simple action is needed to resolve the issue.
Examples (2)
你别浪费时间了，直接说就是了。
Don't waste your time—just say it.
你不要生气，以后别跟他说话就是了。
Don't get angry; just don't talk to him anymore.
还X呢HSK 4四73
强调的方法
「还X呢」用于质疑或否定对方提到的事物，表达不认同或讽刺语气，强调X并不如对方所说的那样。
「还X呢」is used to question or negate the mentioned subject, expressing disagreement or sarcasm, emphasizing that X is not as claimed.
Examples (3)
还名牌儿呢，我听都没听过。
Still a famous brand? I haven't even heard of it.
还有名的专家呢，这水平还没我高。
Still an expert? This level isn't even as high as mine.
还著名诗人呢，这诗写的我都看不懂。
Still a famous poet? I can't even understand the poems they write.
你X你的吧HSK 4四74
强调的方法
该结构用于强调让对方专注于自己的动作，同时说话者表明自己将独立处理另一件事，常带有安慰或让对方不必顾虑的语气。
This structure emphasizes letting the other person focus on their own action while the speaker indicates they will handle another matter independently, often with a tone of reassurance or telling the other not to worry.
Examples (3)
你吃你的吧，别给我留。
Go ahead and eat your share; don't save any for me.
没有什么事，你休息你的吧！
There's nothing important; just take a rest for yourself!
你忙你的吧，我跟孩子玩儿一会儿。
Go ahead and get on with your tasks; I'll play with the child for a while.
让/叫你X你就XHSK 4四75
强调的方法
该结构用于强调必须立即执行某事，不容置疑或拖延，常带有命令或催促语气，表示‘叫你做某事就必须立刻做，不要多问或做其他事’。
This structure emphasizes immediate compliance with an instruction, conveying a commanding or urging tone that means 'do exactly as told without questioning or hesitation.'
Examples (3)
让你做你就做，别多问了。
Do it when I tell you to, don't ask too many questions.
叫你吃你就吃，其他的你别管。
Eat when I tell you to, don't worry about anything else.
计你安静你就安静，别那么多话。
Be quiet when I tell you to, don't talk so much.
说什么/怎么（着）也得XHSK 4四76
强调的方法
该结构用于强调无论遇到什么情况都必须做某事，表达强烈的必要性或决心。
This structure emphasizes that something must be done regardless of circumstances, conveying strong necessity or determination.
Examples (3)
他生病了，我说什么也得去看看他。
He’s sick. I must go see him, no matter what.
这么重要的活动，你怎么也得来一下儿。
This is such an important event. You have to show up, no matter what.
没时间了，说什么也得走了。
We’re out of time. I must leave, no matter what.