HSK 3
81 grammar points第-、老-、小-HSK 3三01
语素 · 前缀
“第-”用于构成序数词（如“第一”）；“老-”用于姓氏前表示尊称或排行（如“老王”）；“小-”用于姓氏前表示亲昵或年轻称呼（如“小李”）。
"第-" forms ordinal numbers (e.g., "first"); "老-" is used before surnames for respectful address or ranking (e.g., "Lao Wang"); "小-" is used before surnames for affectionate or informal address (e.g., "Xiao Li").
Examples (1)
第一 第三 老二 老王 小李 小王
First, third, second, Lao Wang, Xiao Li, Xiao Wang
-儿、一家、-们、-头、-子HSK 3三02
语素 · 后缀
这些后缀用于构成名词，表示复数、职业、方向、事物等含义，常用于口语或特定语境中。
These suffixes are used to form nouns, indicating plurality, professions, directions, objects, etc., and are often used in colloquial speech or specific contexts.
Examples (1)
画儿 空儿 画家 作家 朋友们 老师们 石头 里头 瓶子 屋子
a painting, a gap, a painter, a writer, friends, teachers, a stone, inside, a bottle, a room
能愿动词：敢HSK 3三03
词类 · 动词
“敢”是表示勇气的能愿动词，用于表达是否有胆量或勇气去做某事。常用于疑问句或否定句，表示对某种行为或情况的胆量。
"Gǎn" is a modal verb expressing courage, used to indicate whether one has the boldness or courage to do something. It is commonly used in questions or negative sentences to express one's courage regarding an action or situation.
Examples (2)
这儿有两米高，你敢跳下去吗？
It's two meters high here, do you dare to jump down?
我不敢在河里游泳。
I don't dare to swim in the river.
能愿动词：需要HSK 3三04
词类 · 动词
“需要”表示客观上或主观上认为有某种必要，后面可以接动词或名词作宾语。
Indicates necessity or requirement, either objective or subjective, and is followed by a verb or noun.
Examples (2)
她生病了，需要休息。
She is sick and needs to rest.
我们不需要买吃的，家里有很多。
We don't need to buy food; there is plenty at home.
动宾式离合词：帮忙、点头、放假、干杯、见面、结婚、看病、睡觉、洗澡、理发、说话HSK 3三05
词类 · 动词
动宾式离合词是由动词和宾语组成的双音节词，中间可以插入其他成分（如补语、定语、数量词等）进行扩展。
Verb-object separable words consist of a verb and an object, and other elements (such as complements, modifiers, or quantifiers) can be inserted between them.
Examples (7)
他经常帮我的忙。
He often helps me.
他点了一下儿头，表示同意。
He nodded to show his agreement.
我想放了假就去旅行。
I want to travel as soon as I get my holiday.
来，我们一起干一杯。
Come on, let's have a toast together.
来中国以后，我们只见过一次面。
Since coming to China, we have only met once.
结了婚以后，她就不工作了。
After getting married, she stopped working.
病人看完病就去取药了。
After seeing the doctor, the patient went to get the medicine.
动补式离合词：打开、看见，离开、完成HSK 3二06
词类 · 动词
动补式离合词是由动词和结果补语组成的结构，中间可以插入“不”表示否定可能性，或插入“得”表示肯定可能性。
Verb-resultative separable compounds consist of a verb and a resultative complement, where '不' can be inserted to express negative possibility, or '得' to express positive possibility.
Examples (4)
你的文件我打不开，你能再给我发一下儿吗？
I can't open your file; could you please send it to me again?
黑板上的字很小，我们都看不见。
The characters on the blackboard are very small; we can't see them at all.
放心吧，孩子这么大，离得开妈妈了。
Don't worry; the child is so old now, he can be separated from his mother.
我们完不成这个任务。
We can't complete this task.
疑问代词的非疑问用法HSK 3三07
词类 · 代词
疑问代词的非疑问用法包括任指用法和不定指用法。任指用法中，疑问代词与'都'或重复使用表示'任何人/任何事物都...'；不定指用法中，疑问代词表示某个不确定的人或事物。
The non-interrogative use of question words includes universal reference and indefinite reference. In universal reference, question words combined with 'dōu' or repeated indicate 'anyone/anything'; in indefinite reference, question words refer to an unspecified person or thing.
- 任指用法
- 不定指用法
Examples (15)
①疑问代词+都
① Question word + 'dōu'
谁都喜欢她。
Everyone likes her.
我吃什么都行。
Whatever I eat is fine.
你什么时候来都可以。
It's fine whenever you come.
我哪儿都没去过。
I haven't been anywhere.
你想怎么去都没问题。
It's no problem however you want to go.
②疑问代词+疑问代词
② Question word + Question word
你们随便吃，想吃什么吃什么。
You can eat whatever you like.
谁想参加比赛谁就报名参加。
Whoever wants to participate should sign up.
他们几点来就几点开始。
They'll start at whatever time they arrive.
你怎么做，我就怎么做。
Whatever you do, I'll do the same.
他们各做各的，谁也不帮谁。
They each do their own thing, and no one helps anyone.
我好像在哪儿见过你。
I think I've seen you somewhere before.
你们先吃点儿什么再去公园吧。
You should eat something first before going to the park.
要是你一个人搬不动，就请谁来帮一下儿吧。
If you can't move it by yourself, ask someone to help.
指示代词：各、各位、各种、每、任何HSK 3三08
词类 · 代词
这些指示代词用于指代群体或范围：'各'表示各自/每个，'各位'是尊称群体，'各种'指不同种类，'每'强调个体，'任何'表示所有可能情况。
These demonstrative pronouns refer to groups or ranges: '各' means each/respective, '各位' is a respectful address to a group, '各种' refers to various kinds, '每' emphasizes each individual, '任何' means any/all possible situations.
Examples (5)
我们班的同学来自世界各国。
The classmates in our class come from countries around the world.
各位朋友，下午好！
Good afternoon, friends everyone!
这儿有各种颜色的花。
There are flowers of various colors here.
我每个星期天都去爬山。
I go hiking every Sunday.
我们任何时候都要注意保护环境。
We should always pay attention to protecting the environment.
名量词：把、行、架、群、束、双、台、张、支、只、种HSK 3三09
词类 · 量词
名量词是中文中用来与名词搭配表示数量的单位词，不同名词需搭配特定量词。这些量词反映了物品的形状、特征或类别，是汉语语法的重要特点。
Measure words are classifiers used with nouns to indicate quantity in Chinese. Different nouns require specific measure words that reflect the object's shape, characteristics, or category, which is a key feature of Chinese grammar.
Examples (2)
一把椅子 两行汉字 一架飞机 一群学生 两束花 一双球鞋
a chair, two lines of Chinese characters, an airplane, a group of students, two bouquets of flowers, a pair of sneakers
两台电脑 一张桌子 一支笔 三只鸡 两种颜色
two computers, a table, a pen, three chickens, two colors
动量词：顿、口、眼HSK 3三10
词类 · 量词
动量词‘顿’用于表示动作的次数，常用于批评、骂等带有持续性或重复性的动作；‘口’用于与嘴相关的动作，如吃、喝；‘眼’用于看相关的动作，表示短暂地看一下。
The measure word '顿' indicates the number of times an action occurs, often used for actions like scolding or criticizing; '口' is used for actions involving the mouth, such as eating or drinking; '眼' is used for looking-related actions, indicating a brief glance.
Examples (1)
批评一顿 喝一口 看一眼
got a thorough scolding, took a sip, and had a quick look
量词重叠：AAHSK 3三11
词类 · 量词
量词重叠（AA式）表示“每一”的意思，强调全部或无一例外。
The reduplication of measure words (AA form) means 'every' or 'each', emphasizing completeness or no exception.
Examples (1)
家家 件件 条条 次次 回回 顿顿 天天 年年
every family, every item, every rule, every time, every time, every meal, every day, every year
程度副词：比较、更加，还、相当HSK 3三12
词类 · 副词
这些是表示程度的副词，用于修饰形容词或动词，表达不同程度的强度。'比较'表示相对程度，'更加'表示程度加深，'还'在比较中表示程度较高，'相当'表示程度较高，相当于'很'。
These are degree adverbs used to modify adjectives or verbs, expressing different levels of intensity. '比较' indicates a relative degree, '更加' shows increased degree, '还' expresses a higher degree in comparisons, and '相当' means 'quite' or 'rather'.
Examples (4)
我比较喜欢游泳。
I prefer swimming.
她以前学习就很努力，现在更加努力了。
She studied very hard before, and now she works even harder.
这个房间不干净，那个房间还干净一些。
This room isn't clean, but that room is a bit cleaner.
这个公园的景色相当漂亮。
The scenery in this park is quite beautiful.
范围、协同副词：光、仅、仅仅、就、至少HSK 3三13
词类 · 副词
这些副词用于限定动作、状态或数量的范围，表示'只'、'仅仅'、'至少'等含义，强调数量少、程度低或唯一性。
These adverbs are used to limit the scope of actions, states, or quantities, expressing meanings like 'only', 'merely', 'at least', etc., emphasizing small quantities, low degrees, or uniqueness.
Examples (6)
他每天光玩儿不学习。
He just plays all day and doesn't study.
今天来上课的仅有五个学生。
Only five students came to class today.
这次旅行仅仅花了三千块。
This trip cost only three thousand yuan.
我们班就他知道这个消息。
In our class, only he knows this news.
我就拿了一支笔。
I only took one pen.
教室里至少有五十个人。
There are at least fifty people in the classroom.
时间副词：本来、才、曾经、从来、赶紧、赶快、立刻、连忙、始终、已、早已HSK 3三14
词类 · 副词
这些时间副词用于描述动作发生的时间特征，包括原本计划（本来）、延迟性（才）、过去经历（曾经）、习惯性否定（从来）、紧迫性（赶紧/赶快/立刻/连忙）、持续性（始终）、完成状态（已/早已）。
These temporal adverbs describe time-related characteristics of actions, including original plans (本来), delays (才), past experiences (曾经), habitual negations (从来), urgency (赶紧/赶快/立刻/连忙), continuity (始终), and completion states (已/早已).
Examples (13)
会议本来在星期一举行，但是现在改时间了。
The meeting was originally scheduled for Monday, but the time has now changed.
他才起床，让我们等一下儿。
He just got up, so please wait a moment.
你怎么才来就要走？
Why are you leaving so soon after just arriving?
我曾经学过一年中文。
I once studied Chinese for a year.
他从来不喝酒。
He has never drunk alcohol.
听到这个消息，他赶紧跑回家去了。
Upon hearing the news, he hurriedly ran home.
听到有人叫他的名字，他赶紧开门。
Hearing someone call his name, he quickly opened the door.
他很不舒服，我们要赶快送他去医院。
He’s very unwell; we need to hurry him to the hospital.
经理来电话，叫我立刻去她的办公室。
The manager called and asked me to go to her office immediately.
看到一位老人上车，我连忙站起来让他坐。
Seeing an elderly person board, I quickly stood up to offer my seat.
她在中国留学的时候，始终坚持每天说中文。
During her studies in China, she consistently practiced speaking Chinese every day.
我们已做好下个月的工作计划。
We have already prepared next month’s work plan.
他早已离开北京了。
He has already left Beijing.
频率、重复副词：通常、往往、总、总是HSK 3三15
词类 · 副词
这些副词用于表达动作或状态的频率、习惯性或重复性，表示某事经常发生或一贯如此。'通常'和'往往'侧重一般情况下的习惯，'总'和'总是'强调持续性或每次都是如此。
These adverbs express the frequency, habit, or repetition of actions or states, indicating that something happens regularly or consistently. '通常' and '往往' emphasize habitual patterns in general situations, while '总' and '总是' stress continuity or that something happens every time.
Examples (4)
李经理通常很早就到公司。
Manager Li usually arrives at the company quite early.
为了记住一个汉字，他往往要写很多遍。
To memorize a Chinese character, he often has to write it many times.
我总弄不明白什么时候用“把”字句，常常一说就错。
I always can't figure out when to use the '把' construction, and I often make mistakes as soon as I speak.
他去机场总是提前两个小时出发。
He always leaves two hours in advance when going to the airport.
关联副词：再HSK 3三16
词类 · 副词
关联副词‘再’用于表示两个动作的先后顺序，前一个动作完成后才进行后一个动作。
The adverb '再' is used to indicate the sequence of two actions, where the second action occurs only after the first one is completed.
Examples (2)
我们做完作业再玩儿游戏。
We will play games after finishing our homework.
你洗了手再吃水果。
You should wash your hands before eating fruit.
方式副词：互相、尽量、亲自、相互HSK 3三17
词类 · 副词
这些方式副词用于描述动作进行的方式。'互相'和'相互'表示双方或多方彼此做某事；'尽量'表示尽最大努力；'亲自'表示某人自己直接做某事。
These adverbs describe the manner in which actions are performed. '互相' and '相互' indicate mutual actions between parties; '尽量' means to try one's best; '亲自' means to do something personally.
Examples (4)
大家要互相帮助。
Everyone should help each other.
志愿者要尽量自己克服困难。
Volunteers should try their best to overcome difficulties on their own.
校长亲自联系学生实习的公司。
The principal personally contacted the company where the students are interning.
我们要相互关心，相互照顾。
We should care for and look after each other.
情态副词：大概、恐怕HSK 3三18
词类 · 副词
「大概」和「恐怕」都是情态副词，用于表达说话人对某事的推测或估计。「大概」表示客观的推测，语气中性；「恐怕」也表示推测，但带有担忧或不太愿意接受的情绪色彩。
"大概" (dàgài) and "恐怕" (kǒngpà) are modal adverbs used to express the speaker's speculation or estimation about something. "大概" indicates an objective speculation with a neutral tone, while "恐怕" also expresses speculation but carries a tone of concern or reluctance.
Examples (4)
他病了，今天大概不会来上课了
He's sick, so he probably won't come to class today.
天这么阴，大概要下雨。
The sky is so cloudy; it's likely to rain.
我头有点儿疼，恐怕是感冒了。
My head hurts a little; I'm afraid I have a cold.
他出国恐怕已经有三年多了吧。
He's probably been abroad for more than three years.
语气副词：白、并、当然、到底、反正、根本、果然、简直、绝对、难道、其实、千万、确实、只好、终于HSK 3三19
词类 · 副词
这些语气副词用于表达说话人的态度、情感或判断，如强调事实、表示疑问、表达无奈或加强语气等。它们通常放在动词或形容词前，修饰整个句子，使表达更加生动准确。
These modal adverbs express the speaker's attitude, emotion, or judgment, such as emphasizing facts, showing doubt, expressing helplessness, or strengthening tone. They are typically placed before verbs or adjectives, modifying the entire sentence to make the expression more vivid and accurate.
Examples (15)
老师不在办公室，我白去了。
The teacher wasn't in the office, so my visit was in vain.
这次考试并没有他们说的那么简单。
This exam was not as simple as they said.
学生当然应该做作业。
Students should naturally do their homework.
他到底是老师还是学生？
Is he a teacher or a student after all?
我不知道是谁做的，反正不是我做的。
I don't know who did it, but anyway, it wasn't me.
她根本不相信我。
She simply doesn't believe me at all.
天气预报说要下雨，你看果然下了。
The weather forecast said it would rain, and sure enough, it did.
这纸花太漂亮了，简直跟真花一样。
These paper flowers are so beautiful, they're just like real ones.
他绝对不会干这种事，我相信他。
He absolutely wouldn't do something like this; I believe in him.
别人都能学会，难道我就学不会吗？
Others can learn it; could it be that I can't learn it?
大家以为他回国了，其实他去南方旅行了。
Everyone thought he had returned to his country, but actually he went to the south for travel.
你明天千万要早点儿回来。
You must come back a bit early tomorrow.
这次情况确实非常紧急。
This situation is indeed very urgent.
我生病了，只好跟老师请假。
I'm sick, so I have no choice but to ask the teacher for leave.
他努力复习了一个月，终于顺利地通过了所有的考试。
He studied hard for a month and finally passed all the exams successfully.
由HSK 3三20
词类 · 引出时间、处所
介词“由”用于引出动作的起点（时间或处所），表示“从……开始/出发”，相当于“从”。
The preposition '由' is used to indicate the starting point (time or place) of an action, meaning 'starting from' or 'from', similar to '从'.
Examples (2)
这路公交车由北京机场出发。
This bus route departs from Beijing Airport.
我们由南门进入公园。
We entered the park through the South Gate.
自从HSK 3三21
词类 · 引出时间、处所
自从是介词，用于引出某个动作或状态开始的时间点，通常与“就”搭配使用，表示从该时间点开始某种情况持续发生。
Since is a preposition used to indicate the starting point of an action or state, often paired with '就' to show that a situation has continued from that time onward.
Examples (2)
自从修了公路，这儿的交通就方便多了。
Since the highway was built, transportation here has become much more convenient.
自从来到中国，他就喜欢上了中国菜。
Since coming to China, he has fallen in love with Chinese cuisine.
朝HSK 3三22
词类 · 引出方向、路径
“朝”是介词，用于引出动作的方向、路径或对象，表示“向”、“往”、“对着”的意思。
“朝” is a preposition used to indicate the direction, path, or target of an action, meaning 'towards', 'in the direction of', or 'facing'.
Examples (3)
大门朝南开。
The main gate opens to the south.
他朝左边看了一下儿。
He glanced to the left.
他朝我大喊：“小心！”
He shouted at me, 'Be careful!'
为HSK 3三23
词类 · 引出对象
介词"为"用来引出动作的对象或受益者，表示"为了某人/某事"。
The preposition "为" (wèi) is used to introduce the object or beneficiary of an action, meaning "for someone/something."
Examples (2)
妈妈每天为我们做饭。
Mom cooks meals for us every day.
他为我买了一束花。
He bought me a bouquet of flowers.
向HSK 3三24
词类 · 引出对象
“向”是介词，用于引出动作的对象或方向，表示动作的接受者。
"向" is a preposition used to introduce the object or direction of an action, indicating the recipient of the action.
Examples (2)
我们要向班长学习。
We should learn from the class monitor.
如果不能来上课，你要向老师请假。
If you cannot come to class, you must ask the teacher for leave.
由于、因为HSK 3三25
词类 · 引出目的、原因
“由于”和“因为”都用于引出原因或目的。“由于”多用于书面语，侧重客观原因；“因为”更口语化，适用范围广。
"由于" and "因为" both introduce reasons or purposes. "由于" is more formal and emphasizes objective causes, while "因为" is more colloquial and widely used.
Examples (2)
由于各种原因，大家没有接受他的意见。
Due to various reasons, everyone did not accept his opinion.
他因为这件事一直不跟我说话。
He hasn't been speaking to me because of this matter.
为了HSK 3三26
词类 · 引出目的、原因
用于引出行为的目的或原因，表示“为了某个目标而做某事”。
Used to introduce the purpose or reason for an action, indicating "for the sake of" or "in order to achieve" a certain goal.
Examples (2)
妈妈为了健康坚持每天跑步。
Mom insists on running every day for the sake of her health.
他为了新工作不断学习新知识。
He keeps learning new knowledge for his new job.
把、被、叫、让HSK 3三27
词类 · 引出施事、受事
“把、被、叫、让”用于引出动作的施事或受事，其中“把”表示主动处置，“被、叫、让”表示被动承受，后两者多用于口语。
"Ba, bei, jiao, and rang" are used to introduce the agent or patient of an action. "Ba" indicates active disposal, while "bei", "jiao", and "rang" indicate passive reception, with the latter two being more common in spoken language.
Examples (4)
我看见你把手机放在书包里了。
I saw you put the mobile phone in the schoolbag.
裙子被我弄脏了。
The skirt was stained by me.
手机叫我弄坏了。
The mobile phone was broken by me.
我的车让朋友借走了。
My car was borrowed by a friend.
除了HSK 3三28
词类 · 表示排除
表示排除某个对象，用于说明除了该对象外其他情况如何，可搭配“还”表示 additionally，或搭配“都”表示 all others。
Used to exclude a specific item or person, indicating that aside from the excluded element, the rest of the situation applies, often paired with '还' for additional items or '都' for all others.
Examples (2)
除了英文，他还会说中文。
Besides English, he can also speak Chinese.
除了他，我们都是留学生。
Except for him, we are all international students.
按、按照HSK 3三29
词类 · 引出凭借、依据
表示动作的依据、标准或方式。
Used to indicate the basis, standard, or manner of an action.
Examples (2)
房租按天或者按月计算。
Rent is calculated by day or by month.
他们按照地图找到了全部东西，顺利完成了任务。
They found all the items according to the map and successfully completed the task.
连接分句或句子：并且、不光、不仅、另外、要是、因此、由于、只有HSK 3三30
词类 · 连词
连词"并且、不光、不仅、另外、要是、因此、由于、只有"都可以连接分句或句子，表达并列、递进、条件、因果等关系。
The conjunctions "并且" (and/moreover), "不光/不仅" (not only), "另外" (in addition), "要是" (if), "因此/由于" (therefore/because), and "只有" (only if) can all connect clauses or sentences to express coordination, progression, condition, cause-effect, and other relationships.
Examples (3)
这星期我很忙，要上课，要准备考试，另外，还要参加一些学校活动。
I'm very busy this week — I have classes, exams to prepare for, and additionally, some school activities to attend.
这次晚会他们准备了很多吃的、喝的，另外，还准备了不少礼物。
They prepared a lot of food and drinks for the party, and in addition, they also prepared many gifts.
（"并且、不光、不仅、要是、因此、由于、只有"例句参见复句部分）
(For example sentences of "并且, 不光, 不仅, 要是, 因此, 由于, 只有", see the complex sentence section.)
哈哈HSK 3二31
词类 · 拟声词
拟声词，形容笑声，常用来表示开心、愉快或轻松的情绪，可作状语修饰动词，也可作定语修饰名词。
"Haha" is an onomatopoeia used to describe laughter, often indicating happiness, joy, or a relaxed mood. It can function as an adverbial modifier for verbs or as an attributive modifier for nouns.
Examples (2)
我还没进门就听到同学们哈哈的声音了。
I heard the students' "haha" laughter before I even entered the room.
听了他的话，我们都哈哈地笑了起来。
After hearing what he said, we all started laughing "haha".
其他结构类型2HSK 3二32
短语 · 结构类型
介宾短语由介词+宾语构成，表示时间/地点/方式等；方位短语通过名词+方位词指示位置或时间；兼语短语包含动词+宾语+动词结构，宾语同时作第二动作主语；同位短语通过前后成分互为说明指代同一事物。
Prepositional phrases use preposition+object to indicate time/place/manner; locative phrases combine nouns with directional words to show position/time; causative phrases feature verb+object+verb where the object performs the second action; appositive phrases use parallel components to refer to the same entity.
- 介宾短语
- 方位短语
- 兼语短语
- 同位短语
Examples (4)
在房间 从前边 往左 把他 按照规定
in the room, from the front, to the left, him, according to regulations
教室里 桌子上边 学校的东边 起床后 睡觉以前
in the classroom, on the table, to the east of the school, after getting up, before going to sleep
请他进来 叫他上车 通知他开会 建议大家休息
ask him to come in, tell him to board the bus, notify him to attend the meeting, suggest everyone take a break
我的朋友小张 他妈妈李老师 游泳这种运动
my friend Xiao Zhang, his mother Teacher Li, swimming, this type of sport
数量重叠：数词+量词+数词+量词HSK 3三33
短语 · 结构类型
这种'数词+量词+数词+量词'的重叠结构表示动作或状态是逐一、连续或反复进行的，强调顺序性、连续性或数量上的累积。
This 'numeral + classifier + numeral + classifier' overlapping structure indicates that an action or state is carried out one by one, continuously, or repeatedly, emphasizing order, continuity, or accumulation.
Examples (4)
图书馆里放着一排一排的书架。
The library is filled with rows upon rows of bookshelves.
老师让学生两个两个地进教室。
The teacher asked the students to enter the classroom two by two.
妈妈一遍一遍地告诉我要注意安全。
Mom told me to be careful again and again.
日子一天一天过去了。
Days passed one by one.
不A不BHSK 3三34
短语 · 四字格
"不A不B"是一种四字固定格式，表示"既不是A也不是B"，常用于否定两个相反或相对的性质，表示适中或折中的状态。
"不A不B" is a fixed four-character pattern meaning "neither A nor B", commonly used to negate two opposite or relative qualities, indicating a moderate or balanced state.
Examples (1)
不大不小 不长不短 不冷不热 不多不少 不早不晚
neither big nor small, neither long nor short, neither cold nor hot, neither too many nor too few, neither early nor late
看起来HSK 3二35
短语 · 其他
“看起来”表示根据外观或观察做出判断，相当于英语中的“seem”或“appear”，用于描述某人或某物给人的视觉印象。
"看起来" is used to make judgments based on appearance or observation, equivalent to "seem" or "appear" in English, describing the visual impression someone or something gives.
Examples (2)
这些苹果看起来很好吃。
These apples look delicious.
她工作了一天，看起来有点儿累。
She has worked all day and looks a bit tired.
看上去HSK 3三36
短语 · 其他
“看上去”用于根据视觉观察来判断事物给人的印象或外观特征，表示“从外表看似乎……”。
“看上去” is used to judge or describe how something appears based on visual observation, meaning 'seems' or 'looks like'.
Examples (2)
这件衣服看上去很不错。
This piece of clothing looks very nice.
那沙发看上去非常结实。
That sofa looks very sturdy.
有的是HSK 3三37
短语 · 其他
表示某物数量很多，非常丰富，不缺少。
Indicates that something is abundant or plentiful, meaning there is no shortage of it.
Examples (2)
咱们图书馆有的是书，你可以多看看。
Our library has plenty of books, so you can read more of them.
这儿水果有的是，你多拿一点儿。
There is plenty of fruit here, so you can take a little more.
除了⋯⋯（以外），⋯⋯还/也/都⋯⋯HSK 3三38
固定格式
这个固定格式用于表达在排除某事物或人的基础上，补充说明还有其他事物或人。'除了'表示排除，'以外'可省略，'还/也/都'表示补充或全部。
This fixed structure is used to express that, after excluding a certain thing or person, there are additional things or people. '除了' indicates exclusion, '以外' can be omitted, and '还/也/都' indicate addition or totality.
Examples (3)
除了上课，我还要参加各种活动。
Besides attending classes, I also need to participate in various activities.
除了我，我姐姐和弟弟也会说中文。
Besides me, my older sister and younger brother can also speak Chinese.
除了北京以外，中国的其他城市我都没去过。
Besides Beijing, I haven't been to any other cities in China.
从⋯⋯起HSK 3三39
固定格式
表示从某个时间点开始，之后持续的动作或状态。
Indicates the starting point of an action or state that continues from that point onward.
Examples (2)
从现在起，你要努力学习了。
From now on, you need to study hard.
从今天起，我就用这台新电脑了。
Starting today, I’ll be using this new computer.
对⋯⋯来说HSK 3三40
固定格式
该结构用于表达从特定对象的角度看待事物或情况，强调主观视角或立场。
This structure expresses how something is perceived from a specific person's or group's perspective, highlighting subjective viewpoints.
Examples (2)
对日本留学生来说，汉字不太难。
For Japanese students, Chinese characters are not too difficult.
对专家来说，这个问题很容易解决。
For experts, this problem is easy to solve.
一……也/都+不/没⋯⋯HSK 3三41
固定格式
这个语法结构用于强调完全没有某种情况或程度，通过'一……也/都+不/没'的形式表达强烈的否定语气。
This grammatical structure is used to emphasize the complete absence of something or a situation, expressing strong negation through the pattern '一……也/都+不/没'.
Examples (4)
他一句中文也不会说。
He can't say a single sentence in Chinese.
我上午一口水也没喝，现在渴极了。
I didn't drink a single drop of water this morning, and now I'm extremely thirsty.
他一个汉字都不认识。
He doesn't recognize a single Chinese character.
这个公园我一次都没去过。
I've never been to this park even once.
越⋯⋯越⋯⋯HSK 3二42
固定格式
表示两个动作或状态随着其中一个的变化而相应变化，强调程度或数量的递增关系。
Expresses a proportional relationship where one action or state changes in response to another, emphasizing increasing degrees or quantities.
Examples (2)
中文越学越有意思。
The more you study Chinese, the more interesting it becomes.
衣服的牌子越有名，价钱越贵。
The more famous the clothing brand is, the more expensive it gets.
动词或动词性短语、形容词或形容词性短语作主语HSK 3三43
句子成分 · 主语
动词或形容词可以直接作主语，表示某种行为、状态或性质作为陈述的对象。
Verbs or adjectives can function as subjects, treating an action, state, or quality as the topic of discussion.
Examples (4)
哭对身体有好处。
Crying is good for the body.
早一点儿来比较合适。
Coming a little earlier would be more appropriate.
紧张有什么用？
What's the use of being nervous?
太冷了不好，太热了也不好。
It's not good if it's too cold, and it's not good if it's too hot either.
动词或动词性短语、形容词或形容词性短语和主谓短语作宾语HSK 3二44
句子成分 · 宾语
在汉语中，宾语不仅可以由名词充当，还可以由动词或动词性短语、形容词或形容词性短语以及主谓短语来充当。这些不同类型的短语在句中充当宾语成分，表达动作的对象、感受的内容或希望的情况。
In Chinese, the object of a sentence can be formed not only by nouns but also by verbs or verbal phrases, adjectives or adjectival phrases, and subject-predicate phrases. These different types of phrases function as objects, expressing the object of an action, the content of a feeling, or the situation hoped for.
Examples (4)
我打算去上海。
I plan to go to Shanghai.
她喜欢安静。
She likes quiet.
我感到不舒服。
I feel uncomfortable.
老师希望大家都能取得好成绩。
The teacher hopes that everyone can achieve good grades.
动词或动词性短语、主谓短语作定语HSK 3三45
句子成分 · 定语
动词、动词性短语或主谓短语可以放在名词前面作定语，用来修饰或限定该名词，说明该名词的动作、特征或所属情况。
Verbs, verb phrases, or subject-predicate phrases can be used as attributives placed before nouns to modify or limit them, describing the action, characteristic, or situation related to the noun.
Examples (3)
你看见那个跳舞的女孩儿了吗？
Did you see that dancing girl?
观看演出的观众请从右边的门进去。
Audience members watching the performance please enter through the door on the right.
小白讲的故事很有意思。
The story told by Xiao Bai is very interesting.
结果补语2：动词+到/住/走HSK 3三46
句子成分 · 补语
动词后加‘到’‘住’‘走’表示动作的结果、完成或方向。
The complement '到' (dào), '住' (zhù), or '走' (zǒu) after a verb indicates the result, completion, or direction of the action.
Examples (3)
他终于买到火车票了。
He finally managed to buy a train ticket.
我把球传给他，可是他没接住。
I passed the ball to him, but he didn't catch it.
那本书他取走了吗？
Did he take that book away?
趋向补语2HSK 3三47
句子成分 · 补语
复合趋向补语用于表示动作的方向性，说明物体从某处移动到另一处的趋向。这些补语由两个趋向动词组成（如出来、进去、过来、过去等），与主要动词结合使用，表达具体的移动方向和位置变化。
Compound directional complements indicate the direction of an action, showing how something moves from one place to another. These complements consist of two directional verbs (such as chulai, jinqu, guolai, guoqu, etc.) and combine with the main verb to express specific movement directions and positional changes.
- 复合趋向补语的趋向意义用法：动词+出来/出去/过来/过去/回来/回去/进来/进去/起来/上来/上去/下来/下去
Examples (16)
他从书包里拿了一本书出来。
He took a book out of his schoolbag.
他从书包里拿出一本书来。
He took a book out of his schoolbag.
他从书包里拿出来一本书。
He took a book out of his schoolbag.
他慢慢地走出教室去了。
He slowly walked out of the classroom.
汽车开过来了，咱们准备上车。
The car is coming over, let's get ready to board.
他在桥那边，我们走过去吧。
He is on the other side of the bridge, let's walk over there.
我昨天买回来了一些水果。
I bought some fruit back yesterday.
这儿离学校很近，我们走回去吧。
This place is very close to school, let's walk back.
外边的桌子你搬进来了没有？
Have you moved the table from outside in?
桌子我还没搬进来。
I haven't moved the table in yet.
这些书不能放在外边，应该拿进去。
These books cannot be left outside; they should be taken inside.
你站起来。
Stand up.
你的电脑拿上来了没有？
Have you brought your computer up?
他突然跑上二楼去了。
He suddenly ran up to the second floor.
他从二楼走下来了。
He walked down from the second floor.
行李你帮我拿下去吧。
Please help me take the luggage down.
可能补语1：动词+得/不+动词/形容词；动词+得/不+了HSK 3三48
句子成分 · 补语
可能补语用于表示动作能否实现或达到某种结果。'动词+得/不+动词/形容词'表示能否达到某种结果；'动词+得/不+了'表示能否完成某个动作。
Potential complements are used to express whether an action can be realized or achieve a certain result. 'Verb + 得/不 + Verb/Adjective' indicates whether a result can be achieved; 'Verb + 得/不 + 了' indicates whether an action can be completed.
Examples (4)
老师的话我都听得懂。
I can understand everything the teacher says.
这件衣服太脏了，洗不干净了。
This piece of clothing is too dirty; it can't be washed clean.
明天的比赛你参加得了吗？
Can you participate in tomorrow's competition?
我病了，明天上不了课。
I'm sick; I can't attend class tomorrow.
程度补语1：形容词/心理动词+得很/极了/死了HSK 3三49
句子成分 · 补语
该语法结构通过在形容词或心理动词后添加“得很/极了/死了”来强调程度极高，其中“得很”表程度深，“极了”和“死了”表极端程度。
This structure emphasizes extreme degree by adding '得很/极了/死了' after adjectives or psychological verbs, with '得很' indicating high degree and '极了/死了' expressing extremity.
Examples (4)
我累得很。
I'm very tired.
外面冷极了。
It's extremely cold outside.
这个游戏孩子们喜欢极了。
The children like this game extremely.
他们今天忙死了。
They're extremely busy today.
数量补语3（动词+动量补语）：宾语和动量补语共现HSK 3三50
句子成分 · 补语
当动词、宾语和动量补语同时出现时，动量补语可以放在宾语之后（如例句1、2）或宾语之前（如例句3、4），表示动作发生的次数。
When a verb, object, and action complement of frequency appear together, the action complement can be placed either after the object (as in examples 1 and 2) or before the object (as in examples 3 and 4), indicating how many times the action occurred.
Examples (4)
我找了他两次。
I looked for him twice.
我来过中国一次。
I have been to China once.
我去过两次上海。
I have been to Shanghai twice.
他读了三遍课文。
He read the text three times.
数量补语4（动词+时量补语）：表示动作持续的时间HSK 3三51
句子成分 · 补语
时量补语用于说明动作持续的时间长度，结构为'动词+了+时间段'或'动词+宾语+动词+了+时间段'。两种结构可互换但语序不同，强调动作的持续性。
The temporal complement indicates the duration of an action, structured as 'verb + 了 + time period' or 'verb + object + verb + 了 + time period'. Both structures are interchangeable but differ in word order to emphasize the action's continuity.
Examples (6)
我学中文学了两年。
I have been studying Chinese for two years.
我学了两年中文。
I have studied Chinese for two years.
我等他等了半个多小时。
I have been waiting for him for over half an hour.
我等了他半个多小时。
I waited for him for over half an hour.
他游泳游了四十分钟。
He has been swimming for forty minutes.
他游了四十分钟的泳。
He swam for forty minutes.
数量补语5（动词+时量补语）：表示动作结束后到某个时间点的间隔时间HSK 3二52
句子成分 · 补语
表示从某个动作发生到现在的时间间隔，使用'动词+时量补语+了'的结构。时量补语说明动作持续或结束后的时间长度。
Indicates the time interval from when an action occurred until now, using the structure 'verb + time complement + le'. The time complement specifies the duration of the action or the time elapsed since its completion.
Examples (3)
他们来中国两个月了。
They have been in China for two months.
哥哥去北京一个星期了。
My older brother has been in Beijing for a week.
我父母结婚二十年了。
My parents have been married for twenty years.
主谓句4：主谓谓语句HSK 3三53
句子的类型 · 句型
主谓谓语句由大主语和主谓结构作谓语构成，用于描述主语的属性、状态或经历。
The subject-predicate sentence consists of a main subject followed by a subject-predicate structure as the predicate, used to describe attributes, states, or experiences of the subject.
Examples (4)
奶奶身体非常好。
Grandma is in very good health.
这件衣服颜色很好看。
This piece of clothing has a very nice color.
那本书我没看过。
I haven't read that book yet.
这电影我看了三遍了。
I've watched this movie three times already.
“把”字句1：表处置HSK 3三54
句子的类型 · 特殊句型
“把”字句用于表示主语对宾语进行处置或影响，强调宾语被动作所改变、移动或处理。结构为：主语+把+宾语+动词+补语（处所/结果/趋向/状态等）。
The '把' sentence is used to indicate that the subject performs an action on the object, emphasizing that the object is affected, changed, moved, or handled by the action. The structure is: Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement (location/result/direction/state, etc.).
- 主语+把+宾语+动词+在/到+处所
- 主语+把+宾语1+动词（+给）+宾语2
- 主语+把+宾语+动词+结果补语/趋向补语/状态补语
Examples (7)
老师把书放在桌子上了。
The teacher put the book on the table.
我把朋友送到车站了。
I took my friend to the train station.
爸爸把新买的手机送妹妹了。
Dad gave the newly purchased phone to my sister.
他们把作业交给老师了。
They handed in their homework to the teacher.
你把书架上的书放整齐。
Put the books on the bookshelf in order.
他把洗好的衣服拿回来了。
He brought back the washed clothes.
孩子们把手洗得干干净净的。
The children washed their hands very clean.
被动句1：主语+被/叫/让+宾语+动词+其他成分HSK 3三55
句子的类型 · 特殊句型
该结构用于表达被动语态，其中“被”、“叫”或“让”引出动作的发出者，主语是动作的承受者。
This structure is used to express the passive voice, where '被', '叫', or '让' introduces the agent of the action, and the subject is the receiver of the action.
Examples (3)
那个手机早被我用坏了
That mobile phone was broken by me long ago.
我的词典叫弟弟弄脏了
My dictionary was messed up by my younger brother.
他完全让这位姑娘迷住了。
He was completely captivated by this girl.
连动句2HSK 3三56
句子的类型 · 特殊句型
连动句中，前一个动作表示后一个动作进行的方式或方法，后一个动作则是前一个动作的目的或结果。
In this serial verb construction, the first action describes the manner/method of the second action, while the second action expresses the purpose/result of the first action.
- 前一动作是后一动作的方式
- 后一动作是前一动作的目的
Examples (4)
他笑着说：“没事儿。”
He said with a smile, "It's nothing."
我明天坐飞机去北京。
I'll take a plane to Beijing tomorrow.
他去超市买水果。
He goes to the supermarket to buy fruit.
我来中国学习中文。
I came to China to study Chinese.
兼语句1HSK 3三57
句子的类型 · 特殊句型
兼语句表示主语使令宾语1执行某个动作，宾语1同时作为第二个动词的主语。结构为"主语+使令动词+宾语1+动作动词+宾语2"，体现"使/让某人做某事"的语义关系。
The double-object construction expresses that the subject causes object1 to perform an action, with object1 also functioning as the subject of the second verb. The structure 'subject + causative verb + object1 + action verb + object2' conveys 'to make/ask/let someone do something'.
- 表使令：主语+叫/派/请/让 …… +宾语1+动词+宾语2
Examples (4)
经理叫他介绍一下儿中国市场情况。
The manager asked him to give an introduction to the Chinese market situation.
公司派我来中国学习中文。
The company assigned me to come to China to study Chinese.
我请他去我家玩儿。
I invited him to come to my home to hang out.
妈妈让我早点儿回国。
My mom asked me to return to my home country earlier.
比较句4HSK 3三58
句子的类型 · 特殊句型
该语法结构用于比较两个对象的动作或状态程度，通过'比'字句表达差异，'不比'表示否定比较，数量短语补充具体差异量。
This structure compares the degree of actions/states between two subjects using '比' for positive comparison, '不比' for negative comparison, and quantity phrases to specify the difference.
- A比B+动词+得+形容词
- A不比B+形容词
- A+动词+得+比+B+形容词
- A比B+多/少/早/晚+动词+数量短语
Examples (10)
我比他跑得快。
I run faster than him.
我说中文比妹妹说得流利。
I speak Chinese more fluently than my sister.
我姐姐不比我高。
My older sister is not taller than me.
这个笔记本不比那个大。
This notebook is not bigger than that one.
我跑得比他快。
I run faster than he does.
姐姐中文说得比我流利。
My sister speaks Chinese more fluently than I do.
我比他多吃了五个饺子。
I ate five more dumplings than him.
他比我少买一个苹果。
He bought one less apple than me.
我比姐姐早回来十分钟。
I came back ten minutes earlier than my sister.
哥哥昨天比前天晚睡半个小时。
My older brother went to bed half an hour later yesterday than the day before yesterday.
重动词：主语+动词+宾语+动词+补语HSK 3三59
句子的类型 · 特殊句型
该结构通过重复动词并添加补语，强调动作的程度、结果或持续时间。第二个动词与宾语重复，补语说明动作的强度、状态或时长。
This structure repeats the verb with a complement to emphasize the degree, result, or duration of the action. The second verb repeats the object, and the complement describes intensity, state, or time spent.
Examples (4)
他打篮球打得很好。
He plays basketball very well.
她游泳游得很快。
She swims very quickly.
她走路走累了。
She got tired from walking.
我看电视看了两个小时。
I watched TV for two hours.
（也）⋯⋯，也⋯⋯HSK 3三60
句子的类型 · 并列复句
该结构用于连接两个并列的分句，表示前后两种情况同时存在或具有相同性质。'也'可置于主语前或后，强调两者都具备某种特征或行为。
This structure connects two parallel clauses to indicate both situations exist or share the same characteristic. '也' can appear before or after the subject to emphasize both items share a trait or action.
Examples (2)
篮球他喜欢，排球他也喜欢。
He likes basketball, and he also likes volleyball.
面条儿我也爱吃，米饭我也爱吃。
I also love eating noodles, and I also love eating rice.
一会儿⋯⋯，一会儿⋯⋯HSK 3三61
句子的类型 · 并列复句
“一会儿⋯⋯，一会儿⋯⋯”表示在短时间内连续发生两个或多个不同的动作或状态，强调变化频繁或交替出现。
The structure '一会儿⋯⋯，一会儿⋯⋯' indicates that two or more different actions or states occur consecutively in a short period of time, emphasizing frequent changes or alternating occurrences.
Examples (2)
最近天气有点儿奇怪，一会儿冷，一会儿热。
The weather has been a bit strange lately; it's cold one moment and hot the next.
他们在晚会上一会儿唱歌，一会儿跳舞，玩儿得很开心。
At the party, they sang one moment and danced the next, having a great time.
一方面⋯⋯，另一方面⋯⋯HSK 3三62
句子的类型 · 并列复句
这个结构用于从两个不同的角度或方面来描述同一事物、情况或观点，表示事物具有双重性、需要综合考虑多个因素，或说明某个行为/情况带来的双重影响。
This structure is used to describe two different aspects or perspectives of the same matter, situation, or viewpoint, indicating that something has dual characteristics, requires considering multiple factors, or explains the dual effects of an action/situation.
Examples (2)
我们一方面要看到他们的优点，另一方面也要指出他们的缺点。
On the one hand, we need to see their strengths, and on the other hand, we should also point out their weaknesses.
他们在实习中一方面可以增加工作经验，另一方面可以学习新的知识。
During their internship, on the one hand, they can gain work experience, and on the other hand, they can learn new knowledge.
又⋯⋯，又⋯⋯HSK 3三63
句子的类型 · 并列复句
该结构用于连接两个并列的动作或状态，表示同时存在或发生两种情况，强调事物的双重特征。
This structure connects two parallel actions or states, indicating the simultaneous existence or occurrence of two conditions to emphasize dual characteristics.
Examples (2)
晚会上大家又唱歌，又跳舞，高兴极了。
At the party, everyone was singing and dancing, feeling extremely happy.
这件衣服样子又好看，价格又便宜。
This piece of clothing not only looks good but also has a reasonable price.
首先⋯⋯，然后⋯⋯HSK 3三64
句子的类型 · 承接复句
该结构用于表示按时间顺序发生的两个连续动作，强调先完成前项动作后再进行后项动作。
This structure indicates two sequential actions occurring in chronological order, emphasizing the completion of the first action before proceeding to the second.
Examples (2)
同学们首先读了一遍课文，然后认真地回答了黑板上的问题。
The students first read through the text, then carefully answered the questions on the blackboard.
我们首先要找到科学的练习方法，然后坚持每天练习。
We must first find scientific practice methods, then persist in practicing every day.
⋯⋯，并且⋯⋯HSK 3三65
句子的类型 · 递进复句
该结构用于连接两个相关且递进的动作或状态，后半部分是对前半部分的补充或加强，强调后者的重要性或进一步说明。
This structure connects two related and progressive actions/states, with the latter part supplementing or reinforcing the former, emphasizing the importance or further elaboration of the second element.
Examples (2)
专家们对这个问题进行了讨论，并且提出了解决办法。
Experts discussed this issue and proposed solutions.
这种办法可以保存食物，并且能保存很久。
This method can preserve food and keep it fresh for a long time.
不仅/不光 ，还/而且HSK 3三66
句子的类型 · 递进复句
表示递进关系，说明后一分句的意思比前一分句更进一步，强调程度加深或范围扩大。
Used to express a progressive relationship, indicating that the second clause goes further than the first, emphasizing increased degree or expanded scope.
Examples (2)
那个地方我不仅去过，还去过好几次呢。
I have not only been to that place, but have actually been there several times.
不光我会说中文，而且我姐姐也会说中文。
Not only can I speak Chinese, but my older sister can speak Chinese as well.
不是，就是⋯⋯HSK 3三67
句子的类型 · 选择复句
该结构用于表达非此即彼的两种可能性，强调在两个选项中必然选择其一，排除其他情况。
This structure expresses two mutually exclusive possibilities, emphasizing that one of the two options must be true while excluding other scenarios.
Examples (2)
他不是在办公室，就是在实验室。
He is either in the office or in the laboratory.
这些衣服都不合适，不是太大，就是太小。
These clothes don't fit well; they are either too big or too small.
⋯⋯X 是 X，就是/不过⋯⋯HSK 3二68
句子的类型 · 转折复句
该结构用于先承认某事物的优点或特点，然后转折指出其缺点或不足。'X是X'表示承认某个事实，'就是/不过'引出转折，说明缺点或限制。
This structure is used to first acknowledge an advantage or characteristic of something, then introduce a drawback or limitation through a contrast. 'X是X' confirms a fact, while '就是/不过' introduces the contrasting point about the disadvantage.
Examples (2)
这件衣服好看是好看，就是有点儿贵。
This dress is indeed beautiful, but it's a bit expensive.
坐公交车方便是方便，不过人太多了。
Taking the bus is convenient, but there are too many people.
要是⋯⋯，就⋯⋯HSK 3三69
句子的类型 · 假设复句
“要是⋯⋯，就⋯⋯”用于表达假设条件关系，意思是“如果……就……”。前半句提出假设的情况，后半句说明在该情况下会产生的结果或采取的行动。
The structure '要是⋯⋯，就⋯⋯' is used to express a conditional relationship, meaning 'if..., then...'. The first clause presents a hypothetical situation, and the second clause states the result or action that will follow if that situation occurs.
Examples (2)
要是不开心，我就会大声唱歌。
If I'm unhappy, I'll sing loudly.
要是你明天有时间，就跟我一起去长城吧。
If you have time tomorrow, let's go to the Great Wall together.
只有⋯⋯，才⋯⋯HSK 3三70
句子的类型 · 条件复句
表示'只有满足某个必要条件，才能实现某种结果'，强调条件的必要性。
Used to express that a certain condition is necessary to achieve a specific result, emphasizing the necessity of the condition.
Examples (2)
只有认真检查，我们才会发现问题、解决问题。
Only by carefully checking will we be able to identify and solve problems.
只有多听多说，你才能提高中文水平。
Only by listening and speaking more can you improve your Chinese proficiency.
（由于）⋯⋯，所以/因此⋯⋯HSK 3三71
句子的类型 · 因果复句
用于表达因果关系，'由于'引出原因，'所以'或'因此'引出结果。'由于'可省略，但'所以'或'因此'通常保留。
Used to express cause-and-effect relationships, where '由于' introduces the cause and '所以/因此' introduces the result. '由于' can be omitted, but '所以' or '因此' is usually retained.
Examples (2)
由于身体不好，所以爸爸打算提前退休。
Due to poor health, Dad plans to retire early.
他工作很努力，因此取得了很大的成功。
He worked very hard, and therefore achieved great success.
为了⋯⋯，⋯⋯HSK 3二72
句子的类型 · 目的复句
该结构用于表达行动的目的。前半部分说明想要达到的目标，后半部分说明为实现该目标所采取的行动。
This structure expresses the purpose of an action. The first part states the goal, and the second part states the action taken to achieve it.
Examples (2)
为了保持健康，他每天坚持运动。
To maintain his health, he insists on exercising every day.
为了学好中文，我每天都要看中国电视剧。
To learn Chinese well, I have to watch Chinese TV dramas every day.
⋯⋯了⋯⋯（就）⋯⋯HSK 3三73
句子的类型 · 紧缩复句
该结构表示前一动作完成後立即发生後一动作，强调时间上的紧密衔接。'了'标记动作完成，'就'加强即时性。
This structure indicates that the second action happens immediately after the first action is completed. '了' marks completion while '就' emphasizes immediacy.
Examples (2)
他下了课就去图书馆。
He goes to the library right after class.
他喝了酒就会脸红。
He gets red in the face as soon as he drinks alcohol.
概数表示法2HSK 3二74
特殊表达法
概数表示法用于表达不确定的数量或时间。'大概'、'大约'、'几'用于表示估计的数量或时间；相邻数词连用（如'三四'、'十五六'）表示模糊的数值范围；'左右'、'前后'用于表示时间或数量的大致范围。
The approximate number expression is used to express uncertain quantities or times. '大概' (dàgài), '大约' (dàyuē), and '几' (jǐ) are used to indicate estimated quantities or times; consecutive numerals (e.g., '三四', '十五六') represent vague numerical ranges; '左右' (zǒuyòu) and '前后' (qiánhòu) indicate approximate ranges for time or quantity.
- 用“大概、大约、几”表示概数
- 相邻数词连用表示概数
- 用“左右、前后”表示概数
Examples (5)
这个手机大概两千块。
This phone costs about two thousand yuan.
我的中文老师大约三十岁。
My Chinese teacher is about thirty years old.
我上网买了几本书。
I bought a few books online.
三四（个） 十五六（岁） 七八十（个人） 五六百（块钱）
Three or four (items), fifteen or sixteen (years old), seventy or eighty (people), five or six hundred (yuan)
三十岁左右 八点左右 春节前后 五一前后
Around thirty years old, around eight o'clock, before and after Spring Festival, before and after May 1st
用“一点儿也不⋯⋯”表示强调HSK 3二75
强调的方法
“一点儿也不⋯⋯”用于强调完全不具备某种性质或程度，语气比单纯的“不”更强烈。
This structure is used to strongly emphasize the complete absence of a quality or degree, conveying a stronger tone than simply using '不' (not).
Examples (2)
中文一点儿也不简单。
Chinese is not simple at all.
这双球鞋穿着一点儿也不舒服。
These sneakers are not comfortable to wear at all.
用反问句表示强调HSK 3三76
强调的方法
反问句通过疑问的形式表达确定的意思，语气比陈述句更强，用来加强语气或表达惊讶、不满等情感。
Rhetorical questions express a definite meaning through the form of a question, carrying a stronger tone than declarative sentences to emphasize a point or convey emotions like surprise or indignation.
Examples (3)
反问句1：不是⋯⋯吗？/难道⋯⋯吗？
Rhetorical question 1: Isn't it...? / Could it be...?
今天不是星期天吗？
Isn't today Sunday?
难道你没去过长城吗？
Could it be that you haven't been to the Great Wall?
用“是”强调HSK 3三77
强调的方法
在形容词或动词短语前加“是”，用来加强语气，强调某种性质或状态。
Using '是' before an adjective or verb phrase to strengthen the tone and emphasize a certain quality or state.
Examples (2)
你说得对，这位经理是很负责。
You are right; this manager is indeed very responsible.
我同意，那电影是很有意思。
I agree; that movie is indeed very interesting.
用疑问语调表示疑问HSK 3三78
提问的方法
在口语中，通过句末语调上扬（升调）将陈述句变为疑问句，常用于确认信息或表示惊讶。
In spoken Chinese, a statement can be turned into a question by raising the intonation at the end (rising tone), often used to confirm information or express surprise.
Examples (2)
今天是星期六？
Is today Saturday?
你打算去旅行？
Are you planning to travel?
都⋯⋯了HSK 3三79
口语格式
“都⋯⋯了”是口语中常用的格式，用来强调时间已经很长或某种情况已经发生，常带有惊讶、不满或提醒的语气。
The pattern "都⋯⋯了" is commonly used in spoken Chinese to emphasize that a significant amount of time has passed or that a situation has already occurred, often conveying surprise, dissatisfaction, or a reminder.
Examples (2)
都十一点了，你别看电视了。
It's already 11 o'clock. You should stop watching TV.
都三天了，他怎么还没回来？
It's been three days already. Why hasn't he come back yet?
X就X（点儿）吧HSK 3三80
口语格式
“X就X（点儿）吧”是口语中表达让步或接受的句式，表示对某种不太理想的情况的容忍或无奈接受。结构中的X可以是形容词或动词，表示“就算X也X吧”的意思，常带有“虽然……但也只能接受”的语气。
This is a colloquial pattern expressing concession or acceptance of an undesirable situation. The structure 'X就X（点儿）吧' means 'even if it's X, let it be X,' often conveying a tone of 'although it's X, we have to accept it.'
Examples (2)
慢就慢吧，他能完成任务就很不错了。
Slow it may be, but it's already good that he can complete the task.
忙就忙点儿吧，我们过几天就能休息了。
Let it be a bit busy; we'll be able to rest in a few days.
X什么（啊）HSK 3三81
口语格式
该结构用于口语中，表示对某种行为或状态的否定或反驳，常带有不耐烦、劝止或解释的语气。
This structure is used in spoken Chinese to express denial or rebuttal of an action or state, often conveying impatience, advice to stop, or providing an explanation.
Examples (2)
玩儿什么，我们赶快工作吧。
Stop playing around, let's get to work quickly.
舒服什么啊，办公室空调坏了。
Comfortable? The office air conditioner is broken.